Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/bilją

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰeyH- (“to strike; beat”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈbil.jɑ̃/

Noun

*bilją n

a cutting implement; blade; axe; sword
spike; peg; nail

Inflection

neuter ja-stemDeclension of *bilją (neuter ja-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*bilją	*biljō
vocative	*bilją	*biljō
accusative	*bilją	*biljō
genitive	biljas, bilis	*biljǫ̂
dative	*biljai	*biljamaz
instrumental	*biljō	*biljamiz

Related terms

*biþlą

Descendants

Note: In some daughter languages, *bilją was conflated with another similar word with a long ī, also meaning "axe"; see German Beil for more.

Old English: bill, bil n
- Middle English: bil, bille, bill
  - Scots: bill
  - English: bill
(Old Frisian: *bile)
- (West Frisian: bile)
Old Saxon: bil n; (*bīhal; *bīhala)
- Middle Low German: bil n; (bīl n; bīle f)
  - (German Low German: Biel n or f)
  - → Danish: bil (“axe”)
  - → Swedish: bila (“axe”)
Old Dutch: *billi; (*bīal; *bīala)
- Middle Dutch: bille; (bīle, bijl)
  - Dutch: bil, (bijl)
Old High German: billi n; (bīhal n; bīhala f)
- Middle High German: bille, bil n; (bīhel, bīel, pīel, bīl, bīle n)
  - German: Bille f; (Beil n)

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