Reconstruction:Proto-Cariban/tôpu

This Proto-Cariban entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Cariban

Noun

*tôpu

stone

Descendants

Guianan:
- Apalaí: topu
- Kari'na: topu
- Proto-Taranoan: *təpu
  - Akurio: tëpu
  - Carijona: tëhu
  - Trió: tëpu
- Wayana: tëpu
Kuikuroan:
- Kuikúro: tehu
Parukotoan:
- Hixkaryana: tohu
- Kaxuyana: tohu
- Waiwai: toopu
Pekodian:
- Bakairí: tâu (“big waterfall”)
Venezuelan Cariban:
- Mapoyan:
  - Mapoyo: tëpu
  - Yabarana: tëppu
- Panare: to', të'
- Pemongan:
  - Akawaio: töpu, tök, tö', tï'
  - Macushi: tî'
  - Pemon: töpu, tök
- Yao (South America): tapou
Waimiri-Atroari: topy
Ye'kwana: töju, tö'ju
Yukpan:
- Yukpa: top

References

Gildea, Spike (2012) “Linguistic studies in the Cariban family” in Campbell, L. & Grondona, V. (eds.), The Indigenous Languages of South America: A Comprehensive Guide, pages 441-494, Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton, page 449
Meira, Sérgio, Bruna Franchetto (2005) “The southern Cariban languages and the Cariban family”, in International Journal of American Linguistics, volume 71, pages 127–192
Florian Matter, editor (2021), “*təpu”, in Comparative Cariban Database‎, Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, retrieved 2022-04-11
Meira, Sérgio (1998) A Reconstruction of Proto-Taranoan: Phonology and Inflectional Morphology‎, Houston: Rice University, page 185

Courtz, Hendrik (2008) A Carib grammar and dictionary‎, Toronto: Magoria Books, →ISBN, page 390
Cáceres, Natalia (2011) “töju”, in Grammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana‎, Lyon

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