Manchukuo

• Manchoukuo (Wade–Giles)

A variant of the Wade–Giles romanization (Man³-chou¹-kuo²) of Mandarin 滿洲國／满洲国 (Mǎnzhōuguó), from Japanese 満州国 (Manshūkoku), under influence from Manchu and Mandarin 滿族／满族 (Mǎnzú) + 國／国 (guó).

• IPA^(key): /mænˈt͡ʃʊəkuːəʊ/

Manchukuo

1. (historical) A puppet state of Imperial Japan, existing from 1932 to 1945, conceived as a Manchu nation-state under the restored Qing dynasty.
   • 1933, The Japan Magazine‎, volume 23, →OCLC, page 68, column 1:

     Originally speaking, the Heilungkiang Valley, amongst other Russian possessions in the Far East, had been within Manchurian domain until the middle of the nineteenth century, when it was absorbed by Russia. For us, therefore, it is difficult to regard all Manchuria now within the territory of new Manchukuo and Russian Manchuria of today separately.
     Now that the Manchukuo State has become absolutely independent and placed under Japanese protection, so to speak, the destiny of Russian possessions in the Far East may be easily imagined.

   • [1938, T. A. Bisson, Japan in China‎, New York: Macmillan Company, →OCLC, pages 46–47:

     When evacuation was effected it would be “to the Great Wall”, not to the Jehol boundary. Since the Great Wall dips well into northern Hopei, an area of several thousand square miles was thus added to the territory of Manchoukuo.[...]In actual operation, the cordon sanitaire of the “demilitarized” zone was far from reciprocal. Under the terms of the Tangku Truce, Chinese armed opposition to Manchoukuo was clearly prevented.]

   • 1941 December 9, Franklin Roosevelt, 3:23 from the start, in Fireside Chat 19: On the War with Japan‎, US National Archives, archived from the original on 9 July 2015:

     In 1931, ten years ago, Japan invaded Manchukuo—without warning.

   • [1968, “CHINA”, in Encyclopedia Britannica, volume 5, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 593, column 2:

     The truce of May 1933 established a modus vivendi that was in effect a treaty of peace and that tacitly (although not explicitly) acquiesced in the Japanese occupation of Manchuria. The articulate among the Chinese, however, remained unreconciled to the existence of Manchoukuo. Moreover, for a number of years only two foreign powers besides Japan, (Italy and El Salvador) formally recognized the new state.
     Japan, however, preserved in consolidating its position in Manchoukuo.]

   • 1982 September 5, “Monument protest”, in Free China Weekly‎, volume XXIII, number 35, Taipei, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 1:

     A group of Japanese is planning to build a monument at the foot of Mount Fuji in Japan to commemorate the establishment of Manchukuo, a puppet regime set up by the Japanese imperialists in 1932 to prepare for the invasion of China.

   • 2002, Dorothy V. Jones, Toward a Just World‎, University of Chicago, →OCLC, page 108:

     Manchuria in the guise of Manchukuo was now under firm Japanese control, and to it had been added the buffer province of Jehol and a security zone in northern China. The May 31 truce at T'ang-ku suggested that the Japanese might be satisfied with these gains, which more than fulfilled their stated purpose.

   • 2018, Noam Chomsky, Yugoslavia: Peace, War, and Dissolution‎, PM Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, →OL, page :

     We might ask finally whether humanitarian intervention even exists. There is no shortage of evidence that it does. The evidence falls into two categories. The first is declarations of leaders. It is all too easy to demonstrate that virtually every resort to force is justified by elevated rhetoric about noble humanitarian intentions. Japanese counterinsurgency documents eloquently proclaim Japans intention to create an “earthly paradise” in independent Manchukuo and North China, where Japan is selflessly sacrificing blood and treasure to defend the population from the “Chinese bandits” who terrorize them.

   • For more quotations using this term, see Citations:Manchukuo.

• Manchuria, the Great Manchu(rian) Empire, Empire of Manchuria