-이-

See also: 이 and -이

Korean

Etymology 1

From Middle Korean 이〮 (-í-), an allomorph of 기〮 (Yale: -kí-, causative/passive-deriving suffix) formed by lenition of the initial consonant /k-/ in intervocalic environments. Beyond Middle Korean, the causative is the original meaning as attested in Old Korean, and the passive is a later development from the causative first attested in the written language some time between the thirteenth and fifteenth centuries.[1][2]

Pronunciation
Romanizations
Revised Romanization?i
Revised Romanization (translit.)?i
McCune–Reischauer?i
Yale Romanization?i
  • (after vowels): usually a change in vowel quality
    • IPA(key): /a/ to /ɛ~e/
    • IPA(key): /ʌ/ to /e/
    • IPA(key): /o/ to /ø~we/
    • IPA(key): /u/ to /y~wi/

Suffix

이 • (-i-)

  1. A verbal suffix deriving the stems of causative verbs, attaching to verb or adjective stems which end in a vowel, an aspirate consonant, ㄱ (g), or ㄹ (l). No longer productive.
    Synonyms: 히 (-hi-), 리 (-ri-), 기 (-gi-), 우 (-u-), 구 (-gu-), 추 (-chu-)
    ‎먹다 (meokda, “to eat”) + ‎이 (-i-) → ‎먹이다 (meogida, “to feed”)
    ‎높다 (nopda, “to be high”) + ‎이 (-i-) → ‎높이다 (nopida, “to heighten”)
    ‎나다 (nada, “to exit”) + ‎이 (-i-) → ‎내다 (naeda, “to take out”)
  2. A verbal suffix deriving the stems of passive verbs, mainly attaching to verb stems ending in a vowel or in an aspirate consonant. No longer productive.
    Synonyms: 히 (-hi-), 리 (-ri-), 기 (-gi-)
    ‎놓다 (nota, “to place”) + ‎이 (-i-) → ‎놓이다 (noida, “to be placed”)
    ‎보다 (boda, “to see”) + ‎이 (-i-) → ‎보이다 (boida, “to be seen”)
    ‎바꾸다 (bakkuda, “to change”) (transitive) + ‎이 (-i-) → ‎바뀌다 (bakkwida, “to change, to be changed”)
Usage notes

Although still very common in Korean, the causative/passive suffixes are no longer productive for forming new verbs. Verbs that do not already have a morphological causative or passive must employ auxiliaries:

The causative/passive suffixes 이 (-i-), 히 (-hi-), 리 (-ri-), and 기 (-gi-) all stem from the same etymon, and are fairly complementary in distribution. 이 attaches to verb stems which end in a vowel or an aspirate consonant, and (in the case of causative verbs only) to stems ending in ㄱ (g) and some of those ending in ㄹ (l).

Etymology 2

From Middle Korean ᅌᅵ (Yale: -ngì-, deferential/self-humbling suffix). See the main entry for more.

Suffix

이 • (-i-)

  1. Post-vowel and post-liquid allomorphic form of 으이 (-eu'i-, polite deferential suffix).

References
  1. Vovin, Alexander (2010) Koreo-Japonica: A Re-evaluation of a Genetic Origin, University of Hawaii Press, →ISBN, page 6
  2. 장윤희 [jang'yunhui] (2006) “고대국어의 파생접미사 연구 [godaegugeoui pasaengjeommisa yeon'gu, A study of Old Korean derivational suffixes]”, in Gugyeol yeon'gu, volume 47, pages 91—144
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