πŒ²πŒ°πŒΌπŒ°πŒ»π…πŒΎπŒ°πŒ½

Gothic

Etymology

From 𐌲𐌰- (ga-) +β€Ž Proto-Germanic *malwijanΔ… (β€œto crush, grind, break”).

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /Ι‘aˈmalw.jan/

Verb

πŒ²πŒ°πŒΌπŒ°πŒ»π…πŒΎπŒ°πŒ½ β€’ (gamalwjan) (perfective)

  1. (hapax) to crush (figuratively, to overwhelm by pressure or weight)
    • 4th Century, Wulfila (tr.), Gothic Bible: Gospel of Luke (Codex Argenteus) 4.18:[1]
      𐌰𐌷𐌼𐌰 π†π‚πŒ°πŒΏπŒΎπŒΉπŒ½πƒ 𐌰𐌽𐌰 πŒΌπŒΉπƒ, 𐌹𐌽 𐌸𐌹𐌢𐌴𐌹 πŒ²πŒ°πƒπŒ°πŒ»πŒ±π‰πŒ³πŒ° 𐌼𐌹𐌺 𐌳𐌿 π…πŒ°πŒΉπŒ»πŒ°πŒΌπŒ΄π‚πŒΎπŒ°πŒ½ 𐌿𐌽𐌻𐌴𐌳𐌰𐌹𐌼, πŒΉπŒ½πƒπŒ°πŒ½πŒ³πŒΉπŒ³πŒ° 𐌼𐌹𐌺 𐌳𐌿 πŒ²πŒ°πŒ½πŒ°πƒπŒΎπŒ°πŒ½ πŒΈπŒ°πŒ½πƒ πŒ²πŒ°πŒΌπŒ°πŒ»π…πŒΉπŒ³πŒ°πŒ½πƒ πŒ·πŒ°πŒΉπ‚π„πŒΉπŒ½,
      ahma fraujins ana mis, in ΓΎizei gasalbōda mik du wailamΔ“rjan unlΔ“daim, insandida mik du ganasjan ΓΎans gamalwidans hairtin,
      The Spirit of the Lord is upon me, because he hath anointed me to preach the gospel to the poor; he hath sent me to heal the brokenhearted, […] (KJV).

Conjugation

Only attested in the past participle.

Class 1 weak
Infinitive πŒ²πŒ°πŒΌπŒ°πŒ»π…πŒΎπŒ°πŒ½
gamalwjan
Indicative Present Past Present passive
1st singular πŒ²πŒ°πŒΌπŒ°πŒ»π…πŒΎπŒ°
gamalwja		 πŒ²πŒ°πŒΌπŒ°πŒ»π…πŒΉπŒ³πŒ°
gamalwida		 πŒ²πŒ°πŒΌπŒ°πŒ»π…πŒΎπŒ°πŒ³πŒ°
gamalwjada
2nd singular πŒ²πŒ°πŒΌπŒ°πŒ»π…πŒ΄πŒΉπƒ
gamalweis		 πŒ²πŒ°πŒΌπŒ°πŒ»π…πŒΉπŒ³πŒ΄πƒ
gamalwidΔ“s		 πŒ²πŒ°πŒΌπŒ°πŒ»π…πŒΎπŒ°πŒΆπŒ°
gamalwjaza
3rd singular πŒ²πŒ°πŒΌπŒ°πŒ»π…πŒ΄πŒΉπŒΈ
gamalweiΓΎ		 πŒ²πŒ°πŒΌπŒ°πŒ»π…πŒΉπŒ³πŒ°
gamalwida		 πŒ²πŒ°πŒΌπŒ°πŒ»π…πŒΎπŒ°πŒ³πŒ°
gamalwjada
1st dual πŒ²πŒ°πŒΌπŒ°πŒ»π…πŒΎπ‰πƒ
gamalwjōs		 πŒ²πŒ°πŒΌπŒ°πŒ»π…πŒΉπŒ³πŒ΄πŒ³πŒΏ
gamalwidΔ“du		 β€”
2nd dual πŒ²πŒ°πŒΌπŒ°πŒ»π…πŒΎπŒ°π„πƒ
gamalwjats		 πŒ²πŒ°πŒΌπŒ°πŒ»π…πŒΉπŒ³πŒ΄πŒ³πŒΏπ„πƒ
gamalwidΔ“duts		 β€”
1st plural πŒ²πŒ°πŒΌπŒ°πŒ»π…πŒΎπŒ°πŒΌ
gamalwjam		 πŒ²πŒ°πŒΌπŒ°πŒ»π…πŒΉπŒ³πŒ΄πŒ³πŒΏπŒΌ
gamalwidΔ“dum		 πŒ²πŒ°πŒΌπŒ°πŒ»π…πŒΎπŒ°πŒ½πŒ³πŒ°
gamalwjanda
2nd plural πŒ²πŒ°πŒΌπŒ°πŒ»π…πŒ΄πŒΉπŒΈ
gamalweiΓΎ		 πŒ²πŒ°πŒΌπŒ°πŒ»π…πŒΉπŒ³πŒ΄πŒ³πŒΏπŒΈ
gamalwidΔ“duΓΎ		 πŒ²πŒ°πŒΌπŒ°πŒ»π…πŒΎπŒ°πŒ½πŒ³πŒ°
gamalwjanda
3rd plural πŒ²πŒ°πŒΌπŒ°πŒ»π…πŒΎπŒ°πŒ½πŒ³
gamalwjand		 πŒ²πŒ°πŒΌπŒ°πŒ»π…πŒΉπŒ³πŒ΄πŒ³πŒΏπŒ½
gamalwidΔ“dun		 πŒ²πŒ°πŒΌπŒ°πŒ»π…πŒΎπŒ°πŒ½πŒ³πŒ°
gamalwjanda
Subjunctive Present Past Present passive
1st singular πŒ²πŒ°πŒΌπŒ°πŒ»π…πŒΎπŒ°πŒΏ
gamalwjau		 πŒ²πŒ°πŒΌπŒ°πŒ»π…πŒΉπŒ³πŒ΄πŒ³πŒΎπŒ°πŒΏ
gamalwidΔ“djau		 πŒ²πŒ°πŒΌπŒ°πŒ»π…πŒΎπŒ°πŒΉπŒ³πŒ°πŒΏ
gamalwjaidau
2nd singular πŒ²πŒ°πŒΌπŒ°πŒ»π…πŒΎπŒ°πŒΉπƒ
gamalwjais		 πŒ²πŒ°πŒΌπŒ°πŒ»π…πŒΉπŒ³πŒ΄πŒ³πŒ΄πŒΉπƒ
gamalwidΔ“deis		 πŒ²πŒ°πŒΌπŒ°πŒ»π…πŒΎπŒ°πŒΉπŒΆπŒ°πŒΏ
gamalwjaizau
3rd singular πŒ²πŒ°πŒΌπŒ°πŒ»π…πŒΎπŒ°πŒΉ
gamalwjai		 πŒ²πŒ°πŒΌπŒ°πŒ»π…πŒΉπŒ³πŒ΄πŒ³πŒΉ
gamalwidΔ“di		 πŒ²πŒ°πŒΌπŒ°πŒ»π…πŒΎπŒ°πŒΉπŒ³πŒ°πŒΏ
gamalwjaidau
1st dual πŒ²πŒ°πŒΌπŒ°πŒ»π…πŒΎπŒ°πŒΉπ…πŒ°
gamalwjaiwa		 πŒ²πŒ°πŒΌπŒ°πŒ»π…πŒΉπŒ³πŒ΄πŒ³πŒ΄πŒΉπ…πŒ°
gamalwidΔ“deiwa		 β€”
2nd dual πŒ²πŒ°πŒΌπŒ°πŒ»π…πŒΎπŒ°πŒΉπ„πƒ
gamalwjaits		 πŒ²πŒ°πŒΌπŒ°πŒ»π…πŒΉπŒ³πŒ΄πŒ³πŒ΄πŒΉπ„πƒ
gamalwidΔ“deits		 β€”
1st plural πŒ²πŒ°πŒΌπŒ°πŒ»π…πŒΎπŒ°πŒΉπŒΌπŒ°
gamalwjaima		 πŒ²πŒ°πŒΌπŒ°πŒ»π…πŒΉπŒ³πŒ΄πŒ³πŒ΄πŒΉπŒΌπŒ°
gamalwidΔ“deima		 πŒ²πŒ°πŒΌπŒ°πŒ»π…πŒΎπŒ°πŒΉπŒ½πŒ³πŒ°πŒΏ
gamalwjaindau
2nd plural πŒ²πŒ°πŒΌπŒ°πŒ»π…πŒΎπŒ°πŒΉπŒΈ
gamalwjaiΓΎ		 πŒ²πŒ°πŒΌπŒ°πŒ»π…πŒΉπŒ³πŒ΄πŒ³πŒ΄πŒΉπŒΈ
gamalwidΔ“deiΓΎ		 πŒ²πŒ°πŒΌπŒ°πŒ»π…πŒΎπŒ°πŒΉπŒ½πŒ³πŒ°πŒΏ
gamalwjaindau
3rd plural πŒ²πŒ°πŒΌπŒ°πŒ»π…πŒΎπŒ°πŒΉπŒ½πŒ°
gamalwjaina		 πŒ²πŒ°πŒΌπŒ°πŒ»π…πŒΉπŒ³πŒ΄πŒ³πŒ΄πŒΉπŒ½πŒ°
gamalwidΔ“deina		 πŒ²πŒ°πŒΌπŒ°πŒ»π…πŒΎπŒ°πŒΉπŒ½πŒ³πŒ°πŒΏ
gamalwjaindau
Imperative
2nd singular πŒ²πŒ°πŒΌπŒ°πŒ»π…πŒ΄πŒΉ
gamalwei
3rd singular πŒ²πŒ°πŒΌπŒ°πŒ»π…πŒΎπŒ°πŒ³πŒ°πŒΏ
gamalwjadau
2nd dual πŒ²πŒ°πŒΌπŒ°πŒ»π…πŒΎπŒ°π„πƒ
gamalwjats
2nd plural πŒ²πŒ°πŒΌπŒ°πŒ»π…πŒ΄πŒΉπŒΈ
gamalweiΓΎ
3rd plural πŒ²πŒ°πŒΌπŒ°πŒ»π…πŒΎπŒ°πŒ½πŒ³πŒ°πŒΏ
gamalwjandau
Present Past
Participles πŒ²πŒ°πŒΌπŒ°πŒ»π…πŒΎπŒ°πŒ½πŒ³πƒ
gamalwjands		 πŒ²πŒ°πŒΌπŒ°πŒ»π…πŒΉπŒΈπƒ
gamalwiΓΎs

References
  1. Luke chapter 4 Provided by Project Wulfila 2004, University of Antwerp, Belgium. Last modified on 2005-03-30 by TDH.

Further reading
  • Streitberg, Wilhelm (1910). Die gotische Bibel. Zweiter Teil: Gotisch-griechisch-deutsches WΓΆrterbuch. Heidelberg: Carl Winter’s UniversitΓ€tsbuchhandlung, p. 89
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