읽다
Korean
Etymology
First attested in the Seokbo sangjeol (釋譜詳節 / 석보상절), 1447, as Middle Korean 닑다〮 (Yale: nìlk-tá).
Pronunciation
- Prescriptive pronunciation
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ik̚t͈a̠]
(file)
- Phonetic hangul: [익따]
| Romanizations | |
|---|---|
| Revised Romanization? | ikda |
| Revised Romanization (translit.)? | ilgda |
| McCune–Reischauer? | ikta |
| Yale Romanization? | ilkta |
- Usual contemporary pronunciation
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ˈi(ː)ɭt͈a̠]
- Phonetic hangul: [일(ː)따]
- Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.
| Romanizations | |
|---|---|
| Revised Romanization? | ilda |
| Revised Romanization (translit.)? | ilda |
| McCune–Reischauer? | ilta |
| Yale Romanization? | īlqta |
Verb
| Base | 읽다 (ikda) |
|---|---|
| Causative | 읽히다 (ilkida) |
| Passive | 읽히다 (ilkida) |
읽다 • (ikda) (infinitive 읽어, sequential 읽으니)
Usage notes
In the prescriptive standard, the cluster ㄺ (lg) in verb stems is realized as ㄹ (-l) only before ㄱ (g-), and as ㄱ (-k) before other consonants:
- 읽다 ― ikda ― to read
- 읽고있다 ― ilgoitda ― to be reading
In practice, almost all speakers pronounce it as ㄹ (-l) before all consonants.
Conjugation
Selected forms of the verb 읽다 (ikda): consonant-stem, regular
| Sentence-final forms | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Formal non-polite (해라체) |
Informal non-polite (해체) |
Informal polite (해요체) |
Formal polite (하십시오체) | ||
| Indicative | Non-past | 읽는다 ingneunda |
읽어 ilgeo |
읽어요 ilgeoyo |
읽습니다 ikseumnida |
| Past | 읽었다 ilgeotda |
읽었어 ilgeosseo |
읽었어요 ilgeosseoyo |
읽었습니다 ilgeotseumnida | |
| Interrogative | Non-past | 읽느냐 ingneunya |
읽어 ilgeo |
읽어요 ilgeoyo |
읽습니까 ikseumnikka |
| Past | 읽었느냐 ilgeonneunya |
읽었어 ilgeosseo |
읽었어요 ilgeosseoyo |
읽었습니까 ilgeotseumnikka | |
| Hortative | 읽자 ikja | 읽어 ilgeo | 읽어요 ilgeoyo | 읽으십시다 ilgeusipsida | |
| Imperative | 읽어라 ilgeora | 읽어 ilgeo | 읽어요 ilgeoyo | 읽읍시오 ilgeupsio | |
| Assertive | 읽겠다 ilgetda | 읽겠어 ilgesseo | 읽겠어요 ilgesseoyo | 읽겠습니다 ilgetseumnida | |
| Connective forms | |||||
| Cause/Reason | 읽어 ilgeo | 읽어서 ilgeoseo | 읽으니 ilgeuni | 읽으니까 ilgeunikka | |
| Contrast | 읽지만 ikjiman | 읽는데 ingneunde | 읽더니 ikdeoni | ||
| Conjunction | 읽고 ilgo | ||||
| Condition | 읽으면 ilgeumyeon | 읽어야 ilgeoya | |||
| Motive | 읽으려고 ilgeuryeogo | ||||
| Noun and determiner forms | |||||
| Verbal nouns | 읽음 ilgeum | 읽기 ilgi | |||
| Past-tense verbal nouns | 읽었음 ilgeosseum | 읽었기 ilgeotgi | |||
| Determiners | Past | 읽은 ilgeun | |||
| Present | 읽는 ingneun | ||||
| Future | 읽을 ilgeul | ||||
| Sentence-final forms with honorific | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Formal non-polite (해라체) |
Informal non-polite (해체) |
Informal polite (해요체) |
Formal polite (하십시오체) | ||
| Indicative | Non-past | 읽으신다 ilgeusinda |
읽으셔 ilgeusyeo |
읽으세요, 읽으셔요 ilgeuseyo, ilgeusyeoyo |
읽으십니다 ilgeusimnida |
| Past | 읽으셨다 ilgeusyeotda |
읽으셨어 ilgeusyeosseo |
읽으셨어요 ilgeusyeosseoyo |
읽으셨습니다 ilgeusyeotseumnida | |
| Interrogative | Non-past | 읽으시느냐 ilgeusineunya |
읽으셔 ilgeusyeo |
읽으세요, 읽으셔요 ilgeuseyo, ilgeusyeoyo |
읽으십니까 ilgeusimnikka |
| Past | 읽으셨느냐 ilgeusyeonneunya |
읽으셨어 ilgeusyeosseo |
읽으셨어요 ilgeusyeosseoyo |
읽으셨습니까 ilgeusyeotseumnikka | |
| Imperative | 읽으시라 ilgeusira | 읽으셔 ilgeusyeo | 읽으세요 ilgeuseyo | 읽으십시오 ilgeusipsio | |
| Assertive | 읽으시겠다 ilgeusigetda | 읽으시겠어 ilgeusigesseo | 읽으시겠어요 ilgeusigesseoyo | 읽으시겠습니다 ilgeusigetseumnida | |
| Connective forms with honorific | |||||
| Cause/Reason | 읽으셔 ilgeusyeo | 읽으셔서 ilgeusyeoseo | 읽으시니 ilgeusini | 읽으시니까 ilgeusinikka | |
| Contrast | 읽으시지만 ilgeusijiman | 읽으시는데 ilgeusineunde | 읽으시더니 ilgeusideoni | ||
| Conjunction | 읽으시고 ilgeusigo | ||||
| Condition | 읽으시면 ilgeusimyeon | 읽으셔야 ilgeusyeoya | |||
| Motive | 읽으시려고 ilgeusiryeogo | ||||
| Noun and determiner forms with honorific | |||||
| Verbal nouns | 읽으심 ilgeusim | 읽으시기 ilgeusigi | |||
| Past-tense verbal nouns | 읽으셨음 ilgeusyeosseum | 읽으셨기 ilgeusyeotgi | |||
| Determiners | Past | 읽으신 ilgeusin | |||
| Present | 읽으시는 ilgeusineun | ||||
| Future | 읽으실 ilgeusil | ||||
Derived terms
- 내리읽다 (naeriikda)
- 되읽다 (doeikda)
- 새겨읽다 (saegyeoikda)
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