갈음하다
Korean
Etymology
갈음 (gareum) + 하다 (-hada, “to do”, light verb deriving active verbs).
Pronunciation
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ka̠ɾɯmɦa̠da̠]
- Phonetic hangul: [가름하다]
| Romanizations | |
|---|---|
| Revised Romanization? | gareumhada |
| Revised Romanization (translit.)? | gal'eumhada |
| McCune–Reischauer? | karŭmhada |
| Yale Romanization? | kal.umhata |
Verb
갈음하다 • (gareumhada) (infinitive 갈음해 or 갈음하여, sequential 갈음하니)
- (transitive) to substitute; to replace
Conjugation
Selected forms of the verb 갈음하다 (gareumhada): vowel-stem, 하(ha)-irregular
| Sentence-final forms | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Formal non-polite (해라체) |
Informal non-polite (해체) |
Informal polite (해요체) |
Formal polite (하십시오체) | ||
| Indicative | Non-past | 갈음한다 gareumhanda |
갈음해 gareumhae |
갈음해요 gareumhaeyo |
갈음합니다 gareumhamnida |
| Past | 갈음했다 gareumhaetda |
갈음했어 gareumhaesseo |
갈음했어요 gareumhaesseoyo |
갈음했습니다 gareumhaetseumnida | |
| Interrogative | Non-past | 갈음하느냐 gareumhaneunya |
갈음해 gareumhae |
갈음해요 gareumhaeyo |
갈음합니까 gareumhamnikka |
| Past | 갈음했느냐 gareumhaenneunya |
갈음했어 gareumhaesseo |
갈음했어요 gareumhaesseoyo |
갈음했습니까 gareumhaetseumnikka | |
| Hortative | 갈음하자 gareumhaja | 갈음해 gareumhae | 갈음해요 gareumhaeyo | 갈음하십시다 gareumhasipsida | |
| Imperative | 갈음해라, 갈음하여라 gareumhaera, gareumhayeora | 갈음해 gareumhae | 갈음해요 gareumhaeyo | 갈음합시오 gareumhapsio | |
| Assertive | 갈음하겠다 gareumhagetda | 갈음하겠어 gareumhagesseo | 갈음하겠어요 gareumhagesseoyo | 갈음하겠습니다 gareumhagetseumnida | |
| Connective forms | |||||
| Cause/Reason | 갈음해 gareumhae | 갈음해서, 갈음하여서 gareumhaeseo, gareumhayeoseo | 갈음하니 gareumhani | 갈음하니까 gareumhanikka | |
| Contrast | 갈음하지만 gareumhajiman | 갈음하는데 gareumhaneunde | 갈음하더니 gareumhadeoni | ||
| Conjunction | 갈음하고 gareumhago | ||||
| Condition | 갈음하면 gareumhamyeon | 갈음해야, 갈음하여야 gareumhaeya, gareumhayeoya | |||
| Motive | 갈음하려고 gareumharyeogo | ||||
| Noun and determiner forms | |||||
| Verbal nouns | 갈음함 gareumham | 갈음하기 gareumhagi | |||
| Past-tense verbal nouns | 갈음했음, 갈음하였음 gareumhaesseum, gareumhayeosseum | 갈음했기, 갈음하였기 gareumhaetgi, gareumhayeotgi | |||
| Determiners | Past | 갈음한 gareumhan | |||
| Present | 갈음하는 gareumhaneun | ||||
| Future | 갈음할 gareumhal | ||||
| Sentence-final forms with honorific | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Formal non-polite (해라체) |
Informal non-polite (해체) |
Informal polite (해요체) |
Formal polite (하십시오체) | ||
| Indicative | Non-past | 갈음하신다 gareumhasinda |
갈음하셔 gareumhasyeo |
갈음하세요, 갈음하셔요 gareumhaseyo, gareumhasyeoyo |
갈음하십니다 gareumhasimnida |
| Past | 갈음하셨다 gareumhasyeotda |
갈음하셨어 gareumhasyeosseo |
갈음하셨어요 gareumhasyeosseoyo |
갈음하셨습니다 gareumhasyeotseumnida | |
| Interrogative | Non-past | 갈음하시느냐 gareumhasineunya |
갈음하셔 gareumhasyeo |
갈음하세요, 갈음하셔요 gareumhaseyo, gareumhasyeoyo |
갈음하십니까 gareumhasimnikka |
| Past | 갈음하셨느냐 gareumhasyeonneunya |
갈음하셨어 gareumhasyeosseo |
갈음하셨어요 gareumhasyeosseoyo |
갈음하셨습니까 gareumhasyeotseumnikka | |
| Imperative | 갈음하시라 gareumhasira | 갈음하셔 gareumhasyeo | 갈음하세요 gareumhaseyo | 갈음하십시오 gareumhasipsio | |
| Assertive | 갈음하시겠다 gareumhasigetda | 갈음하시겠어 gareumhasigesseo | 갈음하시겠어요 gareumhasigesseoyo | 갈음하시겠습니다 gareumhasigetseumnida | |
| Connective forms with honorific | |||||
| Cause/Reason | 갈음하셔 gareumhasyeo | 갈음하셔서 gareumhasyeoseo | 갈음하시니 gareumhasini | 갈음하시니까 gareumhasinikka | |
| Contrast | 갈음하시지만 gareumhasijiman | 갈음하시는데 gareumhasineunde | 갈음하시더니 gareumhasideoni | ||
| Conjunction | 갈음하시고 gareumhasigo | ||||
| Condition | 갈음하시면 gareumhasimyeon | 갈음하셔야 gareumhasyeoya | |||
| Motive | 갈음하시려고 gareumhasiryeogo | ||||
| Noun and determiner forms with honorific | |||||
| Verbal nouns | 갈음하심 gareumhasim | 갈음하시기 gareumhasigi | |||
| Past-tense verbal nouns | 갈음하셨음 gareumhasyeosseum | 갈음하셨기 gareumhasyeotgi | |||
| Determiners | Past | 갈음하신 gareumhasin | |||
| Present | 갈음하시는 gareumhasineun | ||||
| Future | 갈음하실 gareumhasil | ||||
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