込む

Japanese
Kanji in this term
込
こ
Grade: S
kun’yomi
Alternative spellings
混む
籠む

Pronunciation
    • Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of "込む"
    Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
    Stem forms
    Terminal (終止形)
    Attributive (連体形)    		 込む こ​む [kóꜜmù]
    Imperative (命令形) 込め こ​め [kóꜜmè]
    Key constructions
    Passive 込まれる こまれ​る [kòmáréꜜrù]
    Causative 込ませる こませ​る [kòmáséꜜrù]
    Potential - - -
    Volitional 込もう こも​ー [kòmóꜜò]
    Negative 込まない こま​ない [kòmáꜜnàì]
    Negative perfective 込まなかった こま​なかった [kòmáꜜnàkàttà]
    Formal 込みます こみま​す [kòmímáꜜsù]
    Perfective 込んだ こ​んだ [kóꜜǹdà]
    Conjunctive 込んで こ​んで [kóꜜǹdè]
    Hypothetical conditional 込めば こ​めば [kóꜜmèbà]

    Verb

    込(こ)む • (komu) godan (stem 込(こ)み (komi), past 込(こ)んだ (konda))

    Japanese verb pair
    active 込める
    mediopassive 込む
    1. be crowded
      • 2007, 新時代日漢辭典／新时代日汉辞典 (Xīn Shídài Rì-hàn Cídiǎn), 1st edition, 大新書局／大新书局 (Dàxīn Shūjú), →ISBN:
        ラッシュアワーで電車(でんしゃ)はとても込(こ)んでいる
        rasshuawā de densha wa totemo konde iru
        The train is very crowded during rush hours
    2. be complicated
    3. go into, go in
    4. put into
    5. become some state completely
    6. do thoroughly
    7. remain in the same state, such as remain sitting or remain silent

    Usage notes

    Commonly used as a light verb (second verb) in Japanese compound verbs, primarily showing emphasis, sometimes negative or violent, often with a sense of “enter” or “fill”, as in ねじ込む (nejikomu, “screw in, jam in, stuff in”).

    Conjugation
    Conjugation of "込む" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
    Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
    Mizenkei ("imperfective") 込ま こま koma
    Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 込み こみ komi
    Shūshikei ("terminal") 込む こむ komu
    Rentaikei ("attributive") 込む こむ komu
    Kateikei ("hypothetical") 込め こめ kome
    Meireikei ("imperative") 込め こめ kome
    Key constructions
    Passive 込まれる こまれる komareru
    Causative 込ませる
    込ます    		 こませる
    こます    		 komaseru
    komasu
    Potential 込める こめる komeru
    Volitional 込もう こもう komō
    Negative 込まない こまない komanai
    Negative continuative 込まず こまず komazu
    Formal 込みます こみます komimasu
    Perfective 込んだ こんだ konda
    Conjunctive 込んで こんで konde
    Hypothetical conditional 込めば こめば komeba
    Classical conjugation of "込む" (マ行四段活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
    Stem forms
    Irrealis (未然形) 込まこまkoma
    Continuative (連用形) 込みこみkomi
    Terminal (終止形) 込むこむkomu
    Attributive (連体形) 込むこむkomu
    Realis (已然形) 込めこめkome
    Imperative (命令形) 込めこめkome
    Key constructions
    Negative 込まずこまずkomazu
    Contrasting conjunction 込めどこめどkomedo
    Causal conjunction 込めばこめばkomeba
    Conditional conjunction 込まばこまばkomaba
    Past tense (firsthand knowledge) 込みきこみきkomiki
    Past tense (secondhand knowledge) 込みけりこみけりkomikeri
    Perfect tense (conscious action) 込みつこみつkomitu
    Perfect tense (natural event) 込みぬこみぬkominu
    Perfect-continuative tense 込めり
    込みたり    		こめり
    こみたり    		komeri
    komitari
    Volitional 込まむこまむkomamu

    Derived terms

    References
    1. NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN
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