農耕

See also: 农耕

Chinese

		agriculture	to plough; to till
trad. (農耕)		農	耕
simp. (农耕)		农	耕

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): nónggēng

(Zhuyin): ㄋㄨㄥˊ ㄍㄥ
Cantonese (Jyutping): nung⁴ gaang¹
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): lông-keng

(Teochew, Peng'im): long⁵ gên¹

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: nónggēng
  - Zhuyin: ㄋㄨㄥˊ ㄍㄥ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: nónggeng
  - Wade–Giles: nung²-kêng¹
  - Yale: núng-gēng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: nonggeng
  - Palladius: нунгэн (nungɛn)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /nʊŋ³⁵ kɤŋ⁵⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: nung⁴ gaang¹
  - Yale: nùhng gāang
  - Cantonese Pinyin: nung⁴ gaang¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: nung⁴ gang¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /nʊŋ²¹ kaːŋ⁵⁵/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lông-keng
  - Tâi-lô: lông-king
  - Phofsit Daibuun: longkefng
  - IPA (Xiamen): /lɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kiɪŋ⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /lɔŋ²⁴⁻²² kiɪŋ³³/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /lɔŋ¹³⁻²² kiɪŋ⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Taipei): /lɔŋ²⁴⁻¹¹ kiɪŋ⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /lɔŋ²³⁻³³ kiɪŋ⁴⁴/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: long⁵ gên¹
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: lông keⁿ
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /loŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ kẽ³³/

Middle Chinese: nowng keang

Rime
Character	農	耕
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	泥 (8)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	冬 (5)	耕 (117)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	II
Fanqie	奴冬切	古莖切
Baxter	nowng	keang
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/nuoŋ/	/kˠɛŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/nuoŋ/	/kᵚæŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/noŋ/	/kɐŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/nawŋ/	/kəɨjŋ/
Li Rong	/noŋ/	/kɛŋ/
Wang Li	/nuoŋ/	/kæŋ/
Bernard Karlgren	/nuoŋ/	/kæŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	nóng	gēng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	nung⁴	gang¹

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*nˤ[o]ŋ kˤ<r>eŋ/

(Zhengzhang): /*nuːŋ kreːŋ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	農	耕
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	nóng	gēng
Middle Chinese	‹ nowng ›	‹ kɛng ›
Old Chinese	/*nˁ[o]ŋ/	/*kˁ<r>eŋ/
English	agriculture; to farm	plow (v.)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	農	耕
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	9571	6850
Phonetic component	農	井
Rime group	終	耕
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	農	耕
Old Chinese	/*nuːŋ/	/*kreːŋ/
Notes	金文從田不從囟

Verb

農耕

to farm; to plow; to till

Synonyms

作 (Hokkien, Teochew)
犁 (lí)
穓 (yì) (literary)
耕 (gēng)
耕作 (gēngzuò)
耕地 (gēngdì)

Noun

農耕

(formal) farming; agriculture

Synonyms

本業／本业 (běnyè) (archaic)
農作／农作 (nóngzuò)
農業／农业 (nóngyè)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (農耕):

→ Japanese: 農耕(のうこう) (nōkō)
→ Korean: 농경(農耕) (nonggyeong)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
農	耕
のう Grade: 3	こう Grade: 5
on’yomi

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) のーこー [nòókóó] (Heiban – [0])[1][2]
IPA^(key): [no̞ːko̞ː]

Noun

農(のう)耕(こう) • (nōkō) ^{←のうかう (noukau)^?}

agriculture

Synonyms

農業

Derived terms

農耕民族 - agricultural people

References

Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN

2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.

Korean

Hanja in this term
農	耕

Noun

農耕 • (nonggyeong) (hangeul 농경)

Hanja form^? of 농경 (“agriculture”).

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