玉砕
Japanese
| Kanji in this term | |
|---|---|
| 玉 | 砕 |
| ぎょく Grade: 1 |
さい Grade: S |
| on’yomi | |
| Alternative spellings |
|---|
| 玉碎 (kyūjitai) 玉摧 |
Etymology
From the Chinese idiom 寧可玉碎，不能瓦全. Literally means "broken piece of jade".
Noun
玉砕 • (gyokusai)
- dying in an honorable defeat
- Antonym: 瓦全
- (colloquial) trying but being utterly beaten; being completely rejected when professing one's love
Usage notes
- Especially associated with suicide attacks by the Japanese military in World War II.
Verb
玉砕する • (gyokusai suru) suru (stem 玉砕し (gyokusai shi), past 玉砕した (gyokusai shita))
- to die in an honorable defeat
Conjugation
Conjugation of "玉砕する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
| Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 玉砕し | ぎょくさいし | gyokusai shi | |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 玉砕し | ぎょくさいし | gyokusai shi | |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 玉砕する | ぎょくさいする | gyokusai suru | |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 玉砕する | ぎょくさいする | gyokusai suru | |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 玉砕すれ | ぎょくさいすれ | gyokusai sure | |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 玉砕せよ¹ 玉砕しろ² |
ぎょくさいせよ¹ ぎょくさいしろ² |
gyokusai seyo¹ gyokusai shiro² | |
| Key constructions | ||||
| Passive | 玉砕される | ぎょくさいされる | gyokusai sareru | |
| Causative | 玉砕させる 玉砕さす |
ぎょくさいさせる ぎょくさいさす |
gyokusai saseru gyokusai sasu | |
| Potential | 玉砕できる | ぎょくさいできる | gyokusai dekiru | |
| Volitional | 玉砕しよう | ぎょくさいしよう | gyokusai shiyō | |
| Negative | 玉砕しない | ぎょくさいしない | gyokusai shinai | |
| Negative continuative | 玉砕せず | ぎょくさいせず | gyokusai sezu | |
| Formal | 玉砕します | ぎょくさいします | gyokusai shimasu | |
| Perfective | 玉砕した | ぎょくさいした | gyokusai shita | |
| Conjunctive | 玉砕して | ぎょくさいして | gyokusai shite | |
| Hypothetical conditional | 玉砕すれば | ぎょくさいすれば | gyokusai sureba | |
| ¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative | ||||
References
- Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN
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