戯れる

Japanese

Etymology 1
Kanji in this term
戯
たわむ
Grade: S
kun’yomi
Alternative spelling
戲れる (kyūjitai)

Shift from 戯(たわぶ)れる (tawabureru) below.[1][2][3] The element たわ (tawa) is also found in 戯言(たわごと) (tawagoto, “nonsense, balderdash”) and 戯(たわ)ける (tawakeru, “to joke, jest”),[3] as well as 拘(こだわ)る (kodawaru).

Pronunciation
  • (Tokyo) たわむれ​る [tàwámúréꜜrù] (Nakadaka – [4])[1][4][5]
  • IPA(key): [ta̠ɰᵝa̠mɯ̟ᵝɾe̞ɾɯ̟ᵝ]

Verb

戯(たわむ)れる • (tawamureru) ←たはむれる (tafamureru)?intransitive ichidan (stem 戯(たわむ)れ (tawamure), past 戯(たわむ)れた (tawamureta))

  1. to play; to sport; to joke; to frolic; to make merry
  2. to flirt with; to dally
Conjugation
Conjugation of "戯れる" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 戯れ たわむれ tawamure
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 戯れ たわむれ tawamure
Shūshikei ("terminal") 戯れる たわむれる tawamureru
Rentaikei ("attributive") 戯れる たわむれる tawamureru
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 戯れれ たわむれれ tawamurere
Meireikei ("imperative") 戯れよ¹
戯れろ²		 たわむれよ¹
たわむれろ²		 tawamureyo¹
tawamurero²
Key constructions
Passive 戯れられる たわむれられる tawamurerareru
Causative 戯れさせる
戯れさす		 たわむれさせる
たわむれさす		 tawamuresaseru
tawamuresasu
Potential 戯れられる
戯れれる³		 たわむれられる
たわむれれる³		 tawamurerareru
tawamurereru³
Volitional 戯れよう たわむれよう tawamureyō
Negative 戯れない
戯れぬ
戯れん		 たわむれない
たわむれぬ
たわむれん		 tawamurenai
tawamurenu
tawamuren
Negative continuative 戯れず たわむれず tawamurezu
Formal 戯れます たわむれます tawamuremasu
Perfective 戯れた たわむれた tawamureta
Conjunctive 戯れて たわむれて tawamurete
Hypothetical conditional 戯れれば たわむれれば tawamurereba
¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative
³ Colloquial potential
Derived terms

Etymology 2
Kanji in this term
戯
たわぶ
Grade: S
kun’yomi
Alternative spelling
戲れる (kyūjitai)

Regular development from classical verb 戯(たはぶ)る (tahaburu).

Development
Natural progression from Old and Classical Japanese 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”) verbs ending in -u to modern Japanese 下一段活用 (shimo ichidan katsuyō, “lower monograde conjugation”) verbs ending in -eru. For the Old / Classical form, see the 戯る entry.

Pronunciation
  • (Tokyo) たわぶれ​る [tàwábúréꜜrù] (Nakadaka – [4])[1]
  • IPA(key): [ta̠ɰᵝa̠bɯ̟ᵝɾe̞ɾɯ̟ᵝ]

Verb

戯(たわぶ)れる • (tawabureru) ←たはぶれる (tafabureru)?intransitive ichidan (stem 戯(たわぶ)れ (tawabure), past 戯(たわぶ)れた (tawabureta))

  1. Synonym of 戯れる (tawamureru)
Conjugation
Conjugation of "戯れる" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 戯れ たわぶれ tawabure
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 戯れ たわぶれ tawabure
Shūshikei ("terminal") 戯れる たわぶれる tawabureru
Rentaikei ("attributive") 戯れる たわぶれる tawabureru
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 戯れれ たわぶれれ tawaburere
Meireikei ("imperative") 戯れよ¹
戯れろ²		 たわぶれよ¹
たわぶれろ²		 tawabureyo¹
tawaburero²
Key constructions
Passive 戯れられる たわぶれられる tawaburerareru
Causative 戯れさせる
戯れさす		 たわぶれさせる
たわぶれさす		 tawaburesaseru
tawaburesasu
Potential 戯れられる
戯れれる³		 たわぶれられる
たわぶれれる³		 tawaburerareru
tawaburereru³
Volitional 戯れよう たわぶれよう tawabureyō
Negative 戯れない
戯れぬ
戯れん		 たわぶれない
たわぶれぬ
たわぶれん		 tawaburenai
tawaburenu
tawaburen
Negative continuative 戯れず たわぶれず tawaburezu
Formal 戯れます たわぶれます tawaburemasu
Perfective 戯れた たわぶれた tawabureta
Conjunctive 戯れて たわぶれて tawaburete
Hypothetical conditional 戯れれば たわぶれれば tawaburereba
¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative
³ Colloquial potential
Derived terms

Etymology 3
Kanji in this term
戯
ざ
Grade: S
kun’yomi
Alternative spelling
戲れる (kyūjitai)

Pronunciation

Verb

戯(ざ)れる • (zareru) intransitive ichidan (stem 戯(ざ)れ (zare), past 戯(ざ)れた (zareta))

  1. to sport; to play; to frolic
  2. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
Conjugation
Conjugation of "戯れる" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 戯れ ざれ zare
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 戯れ ざれ zare
Shūshikei ("terminal") 戯れる ざれる zareru
Rentaikei ("attributive") 戯れる ざれる zareru
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 戯れれ ざれれ zarere
Meireikei ("imperative") 戯れよ¹
戯れろ²		 ざれよ¹
ざれろ²		 zareyo¹
zarero²
Key constructions
Passive 戯れられる ざれられる zarerareru
Causative 戯れさせる
戯れさす		 ざれさせる
ざれさす		 zaresaseru
zaresasu
Potential 戯れられる
戯れれる³		 ざれられる
ざれれる³		 zarerareru
zarereru³
Volitional 戯れよう ざれよう zareyō
Negative 戯れない
戯れぬ
戯れん		 ざれない
ざれぬ
ざれん		 zarenai
zarenu
zaren
Negative continuative 戯れず ざれず zarezu
Formal 戯れます ざれます zaremasu
Perfective 戯れた ざれた zareta
Conjunctive 戯れて ざれて zarete
Hypothetical conditional 戯れれば ざれれば zarereba
¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative
³ Colloquial potential
Derived terms

Etymology 4
Kanji in this term
戯
じゃ
Grade: S
kun’yomi
Alternative spelling
戲れる (kyūjitai)

Phonetic shift from 戯(ざ)れる (zareru) above.[1][2][3][6]

Pronunciation
  • (Tokyo) じゃれ​る [jàréꜜrù] (Nakadaka – [2])[1][4]
  • IPA(key): [d͡ʑa̠ɾe̞ɾɯ̟ᵝ]

Verb

戯(じゃ)れる • (jareru) intransitive ichidan (stem 戯(じゃ)れ (jare), past 戯(じゃ)れた (jareta))

Japanese verb pair
active じゃらす
mediopassive 戯れる
  1. (of children or animals) to play
Conjugation
Conjugation of "戯れる" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 戯れ じゃれ jare
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 戯れ じゃれ jare
Shūshikei ("terminal") 戯れる じゃれる jareru
Rentaikei ("attributive") 戯れる じゃれる jareru
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 戯れれ じゃれれ jarere
Meireikei ("imperative") 戯れよ¹
戯れろ²		 じゃれよ¹
じゃれろ²		 jareyo¹
jarero²
Key constructions
Passive 戯れられる じゃれられる jarerareru
Causative 戯れさせる
戯れさす		 じゃれさせる
じゃれさす		 jaresaseru
jaresasu
Potential 戯れられる
戯れれる³		 じゃれられる
じゃれれる³		 jarerareru
jarereru³
Volitional 戯れよう じゃれよう jareyō
Negative 戯れない
戯れぬ
戯れん		 じゃれない
じゃれぬ
じゃれん		 jarenai
jarenu
jaren
Negative continuative 戯れず じゃれず jarezu
Formal 戯れます じゃれます jaremasu
Perfective 戯れた じゃれた jareta
Conjunctive 戯れて じゃれて jarete
Hypothetical conditional 戯れれば じゃれれば jarereba
¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative
³ Colloquial potential
Derived terms

References
  1. Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. Shinmura, Izuru, editor (1998), 広辞苑 [Kōjien] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
  3. Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  4. NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN
  5. Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  6. Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
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