代える

Japanese

Etymology
Kanji in this term
代
か
Grade: 3
kun’yomi

From Old Japanese かふ (kapu), in the 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”) pattern.

Development
Natural progression from Old and Classical Japanese 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”) verbs ending in -u to modern Japanese 下一段活用 (shimo ichidan katsuyō, “lower monograde conjugation”) verbs ending in -eru.

Cognate with 変(か)える (kaeru), 替(か)える (kaeru) and 換(か)える (kaeru).

Pronunciation
  • Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of "代える"
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Stem forms
Terminal (終止形)
Attributive (連体形)		 代える かえる [kàérú]
Imperative (命令形) 代えろ かえろ [kàéró]
Key constructions
Passive 代えられる かえられる [kàérárérú]
Causative 代えさせる かえさせる [kàésásérú]
Potential 代えられる かえられる [kàérárérú]
Volitional 代えよう かえよ​ー [kàéyóꜜò]
Negative 代えない かえない [kàénáí]
Negative perfective 代えなかった かえな​かった [kàénáꜜkàttà]
Formal 代えます かえま​す [kàémáꜜsù]
Perfective 代えた かえた [kàétá]
Conjunctive 代えて かえて [kàété]
Hypothetical conditional 代えれば かえれ​ば [kàéréꜜbà]

Verb

代(か)える • (kaeru) ←かへる (kaferu)?transitive ichidan (stem 代(か)え (kae), past 代(か)えた (kaeta))

Japanese verb pair
active 代える
mediopassive 代わる
  1. substitute, use in place of, replace with, replace something with another
    B(ビー)さんをA(エー)さんに代(か)える
    bī-san o ē-san ni kaeru
    Substitute Mr. A for Mr. B

Conjugation
Conjugation of "代える" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective") 代え かえ kae
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") 代え かえ kae
Shūshikei ("terminal") 代える かえる kaeru
Rentaikei ("attributive") 代える かえる kaeru
Kateikei ("hypothetical") 代えれ かえれ kaere
Meireikei ("imperative") 代えよ¹
代えろ²		 かえよ¹
かえろ²		 kaeyo¹
kaero²
Key constructions
Passive 代えられる かえられる kaerareru
Causative 代えさせる
代えさす		 かえさせる
かえさす		 kaesaseru
kaesasu
Potential 代えられる
代えれる³		 かえられる
かえれる³		 kaerareru
kaereru³
Volitional 代えよう かえよう kaeyō
Negative 代えない
代えぬ
代えん		 かえない
かえぬ
かえん		 kaenai
kaenu
kaen
Negative continuative 代えず かえず kaezu
Formal 代えます かえます kaemasu
Perfective 代えた かえた kaeta
Conjunctive 代えて かえて kaete
Hypothetical conditional 代えれば かえれば kaereba
¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative
³ Colloquial potential

Derived terms
Derived terms
Related terms

References
  1. Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1974), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Second edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō
  2. NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN
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