もどかしい

Japanese
Alternative spellings
擬かしい
擬しい (less common)

Etymology

From the 連体形 (rentaikei, “attributive form”) of Early Middle Japanese adjective 擬し (modokashi), with the medial /-k-/ falling out. In turn, derived from verb 擬く (modoku, “to imitate, to mimic; to oppose, to criticize, to censure”).[1][2][3]

Cited to the 宇津保物語 (Utsubo Monogatari) of the late 900s.[1]

Pronunciation
  • (Tokyo) もどかし​い [mòdókáshíꜜì] (Nakadaka – [4])[3][4]
  • IPA(key): [mo̞do̞ka̠ɕiː]

Adjective

もどかしい • (modokashii) -i (adverbial もどかしく (modokashiku))

  1. (said of something else causing the sensation) irritating, frustrating, due to not turning out as expected
    Synonyms: 歯痒い (hagayui), じれったい (jirettai)
  2. (said of a person experiencing the sensation) impatient
    Synonyms: 歯痒い (hagayui), じれったい (jirettai), 短気 (tanki)
  3. slow (of movement, causing others to feel impatient)
    Synonym: 鈍い (noroi)
  4. worthy of criticism, displeasing
    Synonyms: 気に入らない (ki ni iranai), 気に食わない (ki ni kuwanai)

Inflection
Inflection of もどかしい
Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形) もどかしかろ modokashikaro
Continuative (連用形) もどかしく modokashiku
Terminal (終止形) もどかしい modokashii
Attributive (連体形) もどかしい modokashii
Hypothetical (仮定形) もどかしけれ modokashikere
Imperative (命令形) もどかしかれ modokashikare
Key constructions
Informal negative もどかしくない modokashiku nai
Informal past もどかしかった modokashikatta
Informal negative past もどかしくなかった modokashiku nakatta
Formal もどかしいです modokashii desu
Formal negative もどかしくないです modokashiku nai desu
Formal past もどかしかったです modokashikatta desu
Formal negative past もどかしくなかったです modokashiku nakatta desu
Conjunctive もどかしくて modokashikute
Conditional もどかしければ modokashikereba
Provisional もどかしかったら modokashikattara
Volitional もどかしかろう modokashikarō
Adverbial もどかしく modokashiku
Degree もどかしさ modokashisa

See also
  • 擬(もど)く (modoku)

References
  1. Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  2. Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  3. Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  4. NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN
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