ἥρως

Ancient Greek
FWOTD – 2 December 2015

Etymology

Traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European *ser- (“watch over, protect”),[1][2] though Beekes derives the word from a pre-Greek substrate, based on the form of the Mycenaean cognate [script needed] (ti-ri-se-ro-e).[3] Cognate with Latin servō and possibly Ἥρα (Hḗra).

Pronunciation
 

Noun

ἥρως • (hḗrōs) m (genitive ἥρωος); third declension

  1. (Homeric) a hero of the Trojan War: any of the major combatants of the Greek or Trojan forces
  2. (classical) a hero or heroine of the ancient Greek religion: a human or demigod whose shrine was celebrated with chthonic rituals organized by local governments

Usage notes

Because the root of ἥρως (hḗrōs) ends with a vowel instead of a consonant, shortenings are common, such as ἥρως (hḗrōs) for the genitive singular and ἥρῳ (hḗrōi) for the dative singular.

Declension
Third declension of ὁ ἥρως; τοῦ ἥρωος (Attic)
Case / # Singular Dual Plural
Nominative ὁ ἥρως
ho hḗrōs		 τὼ ἥρωε
tṑ hḗrōe		 οἱ ἥρωες
hoi hḗrōes
Genitive τοῦ ἥρωος
toû hḗrōos		 τοῖν ἡρώοιν
toîn hērṓoin		 τῶν ἡρώων
tôn hērṓōn
Dative τῷ ἥρῳ / ἥρωῐ̈
tôi hḗrōi / hḗrōï		 τοῖν ἡρώοιν
toîn hērṓoin		 τοῖς ἥρωσῐ / ἥρωσῐν
toîs hḗrōsi(n)
Accusative τὸν ἥρω / ἥρωᾰ
tòn hḗrō / hḗrōa		 τὼ ἥρωε
tṑ hḗrōe		 τοὺς ἥρωᾰς
toùs hḗrōas
Vocative ἥρως
hḗrōs		 ἥρωε
hḗrōe		 ἥρωες
hḗrōes
Notes:
  • This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.
Third declension of ἥρως; ἥρωος (Epic)
Case / # Singular Dual Plural
Nominative ἥρως
hḗrōs		 ἥρωε
hḗrōe		 ἥρωες
hḗrōes
Genitive ἥρωος
hḗrōos		 ἡρώοιῐν
hērṓoiin		 ἡρώων
hērṓōn
Dative ἥρῳ / ἥρωῐ̈
hḗrōi / hḗrōï		 ἡρώοιῐν
hērṓoiin		 ἥρωσῐ / ἥρωσῐν / ἡρώεσσῐ / ἡρώεσσῐν / ἡρώεσῐ / ἡρώεσῐν
hḗrōsi(n) / hērṓessi(n) / hērṓesi(n)
Accusative ἥρω / ἥρωᾰ
hḗrō / hḗrōa		 ἥρωε
hḗrōe		 ἥρωᾰς
hḗrōas
Vocative ἥρως
hḗrōs		 ἥρωε
hḗrōe		 ἥρωες
hḗrōes
Notes:
  • Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms may be based on conjecture. Use with caution.

Derived terms

Descendants

References
  1. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition (2000)
  2. Webster's New World College Dictionary, Fourth Edition (1999)
  3. Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 526

Further reading
  • “ἥρως”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  • “ἥρως”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
  • “ἥρως”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
  • ἥρως in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
  • ἥρως in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
  • “ἥρως”, in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
  • Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
  • The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition (2000)
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