हस्

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts
Alternative scripts
  • হস্ (Assamese script)
  • ᬳᬲ᭄ (Balinese script)
  • হস্ (Bengali script)
  • 𑰮𑰭𑰿 (Bhaiksuki script)
  • 𑀳𑀲𑁆 (Brahmi script)
  • ဟသ် (Burmese script)
  • હસ્ (Gujarati script)
  • ਹਸ੍ (Gurmukhi script)
  • 𑌹𑌸𑍍 (Grantha script)
  • ꦲꦱ꧀ (Javanese script)
  • 𑂯𑂮𑂹 (Kaithi script)
  • ಹಸ್ (Kannada script)
  • ហស៑ (Khmer script)
  • ຫສ຺ (Lao script)
  • ഹസ് (Malayalam script)
  • ᡥᠠᠰ᠌ (Manchu script)
  • 𑘮𑘭𑘿 (Modi script)
  • ᠾᠠᠰ (Mongolian script)
  • 𑧎𑧍𑧠 (Nandinagari script)
  • 𑐴𑐳𑑂 (Newa script)
  • ହସ୍ (Odia script)
  • ꢲꢱ꣄ (Saurashtra script)
  • 𑆲𑆱𑇀 (Sharada script)
  • 𑖮𑖭𑖿 (Siddham script)
  • හස් (Sinhalese script)
  • 𑪂𑪁 𑪙 (Soyombo script)
  • 𑚩𑚨𑚶 (Takri script)
  • ஹஸ் (Tamil script)
  • హస్ (Telugu script)
  • หสฺ (Thai script)
  • ཧ་ས྄ (Tibetan script)
  • 𑒯𑒮𑓂 (Tirhuta script)
  • 𑨱𑨰𑨴 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-Aryan *źʰas- (“to laugh”). Compare the reduplicated root जक्ष् (jakṣ). There is a wide variety of variation in Indo-Aryan forms, as well as in a possible connection to Iranian. An attempt is made to explain their development below. The best way to formally reconcile these varied forms is to reconstruct Proto-Indo-Iranian *ǰʰas-, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰes-.[1][2] This root's descendants have only been found in Indo-Iranian, and it may have origins as a natural exclamation, though this is difficult to prove.[3]

  • Sanskrit जाहस्यते (jāhasyate, intensive): Proto-Indo-Aryan *źʰā́-źʰas-ya-tay → *źā́źʰasyatay well described by Grassmann's law. This offers initial evidence for the initial consonant of the root being *źʰ.
  • Vedic Sanskrit जक्षतः (jákṣataḥ, masculine plural present participle), Pali jagghati (reduplicated thematic present):
    PIE: *gʰé-gʰz-o-
    → pre-PII: *ǰʰágʰza-
    → PII: *ǰʰágžʰa- (assimilation of aspiration; may have occurred earlier)
    → PIA: *źʰágẓʰa- (TST assimilation)
    → OIA: *źágẓʰa- (Grassman's law)
    → Vedic: जक्ष- (jákṣa-); MIA: jaggha-
  • Vedic Sanskrit जज्झतीः (jájjhatīḥ, feminine plural present participle), a dialectal form in the Rigveda, albeit formally cognate with जक्षतः (jákṣataḥ), is difficult to fit into this paradigm. Perhaps metathesis can explain it.
    PIE: *gʰé-zgʰ-o-
    → pre-PII: *ǰʰázǵʰa-
    → PII: *ǰʰázȷ́ʰa-
    → PIA: *źʰáźȷ́ʰa-
    → OIA: *źáźȷ́ʰa-
    → Vedic: *जज्झ- (jájjha-)
  • Avestan 𐬘𐬀𐬵𐬌𐬐𐬁 (jahikā, “prostitute”), 𐬘𐬀𐬵𐬍 (jahī) is often tied to this root,[1] given the similar Sanskrit हस्रा (hasrā́, “prostitute”) from this root. This is not uncontroversial.[4] Tentatively, it is possible that this is a feminine diminutive nominal Proto-Iranian *ǰahikā, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ǰʰas-ikā.
  • Avestan 𐬰𐬀𐬒𐬌𐬌𐬀 (zax́iia) has been interpreted to mean "laughable" and is mentioned as the formal cognate of हास्य (hāsya)[5] but this interpretation is uncertain.[6] Moreover, there are formal problems as 𐬰𐬀𐬒𐬌𐬌𐬀 (zax́iia) reflects a Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́ʰas- from a Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰes-.

Pronunciation

Root

हस् • (has)

  1. laugh, smile
    • DP 01.0822

Derived terms
  • जाहस्ति (jāhasti)
  • जाहस्यते (jāhasyate)
  • जिहसिषति (jihasiṣati)
  • हस (hasa)
  • हसति (hasati)
  • हसते (hasate)
  • हसन (hasana)
  • हसना (hasanā)
  • हसित (hasita)
  • हसिष्यति (hasiṣyati)
  • हस्कार (haskāra)
  • हस्कृति (haskṛti)
  • हस्यते (hasyate)
  • हस्रा (hasrā)
  • हास (hāsa)
  • हासयति (hāsayati)
  • हास्य (hāsya)

References
  1. Lubotsky, Alexander (2011) “has”, in The Indo-Aryan Inherited Lexicon (in progress) (Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Project), Leiden University
  2. Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*g(u̯)hes-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 199
  3. Mayrhofer, Manfred (1976) Kurzgefasstes Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen [A Concise Etymological Sanskrit Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 587-588
  4. Jean Kellens (2013) “Jahikā et le Vocabulaire Daivique”, in Gifts to a Magus. Indo-Iranian Studies honoring Firoze Kotwal‎, New York, pages 123-127
  5. Kanga, Kavasji Edalji (1909) “Laughable”, in An English–Avesta Dictionary‎, Bombay: The Fort Printing Press, →OCLC, page 302
  6. Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996) “HAS1”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), volume II, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 812
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