निर्वाण

Hindi

Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit निर्वाण (nirvāṇa, “blown or put out, extinguished”).

Adjective

निर्वाण • (nirvāṇ) (indeclinable)

extinguished, blown out

Noun

निर्वाण • (nirvāṇ) m

(Buddhism) nirvana

Declension

Declension of निर्वाण (masc cons-stem)

	singular	plural
direct	निर्वाण nirvāṇ	निर्वाण nirvāṇ
oblique	निर्वाण nirvāṇ	निर्वाणों nirvāṇõ
vocative	निर्वाण nirvāṇ	निर्वाणो nirvāṇo

Sanskrit

Alternative forms

Alternative scripts

নিৰ্বাণ (Assamese script)
ᬦᬶᬃᬯᬵᬡ (Balinese script)
নির্বাণ (Bengali script)
𑰡𑰰𑰨𑰿𑰪𑰯𑰜 (Bhaiksuki script)
𑀦𑀺𑀭𑁆𑀯𑀸𑀡 (Brahmi script)
နိရွာဏ (Burmese script)
નિર્વાણ (Gujarati script)
ਨਿਰ੍ਵਾਣ (Gurmukhi script)
𑌨𑌿𑌰𑍍𑌵𑌾𑌣 (Grantha script)
ꦤꦶꦂꦮꦴꦟ (Javanese script)
𑂢𑂱𑂩𑂹𑂫𑂰𑂝 (Kaithi script)
ನಿರ್ವಾಣ (Kannada script)
និវ៌ាណ (Khmer script)
ນິຣ຺ວາຓ (Lao script)
നിര്വാണ (Malayalam script)
ᠨᡳᡵᠣᠸᠠ᠎᠊ᠠᢏᠠ (Manchu script)
𑘡𑘱𑘨𑘿𑘪𑘰𑘜 (Modi script)
ᠨᠢᠷᢦ᠎ᠠᢏᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
𑧁𑧒𑧈𑧠𑧊𑧑𑦼 (Nandinagari script)
𑐣𑐶𑐬𑑂𑐰𑐵𑐞 (Newa script)
ନିର୍ଵାଣ (Odia script)
ꢥꢶꢬ꣄ꢮꢵꢠ (Saurashtra script)
𑆤𑆴𑆫𑇀𑆮𑆳𑆟 (Sharada script)
𑖡𑖰𑖨𑖿𑖪𑖯𑖜 (Siddham script)
නිර්‍වාණ (Sinhalese script)
𑩯𑩑𑩼 𑪙𑩾𑩛𑩪 (Soyombo script)
𑚝𑚮𑚤𑚶𑚦𑚭𑚘 (Takri script)
நிர்வாண (Tamil script)
నిర్వాణ (Telugu script)
นิรฺวาณ (Thai script)
ནི་རྭཱ་ཎ (Tibetan script)
𑒢𑒱𑒩𑓂𑒫𑒰𑒝 (Tirhuta script)
𑨝𑨁𑨫𑩇𑨭𑨊𑨘 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology

From निस् (nis, “out”) +‎ वान (vāna, “blown”), past participle of वा (√vā, “to blow”). Cognates of वा (√vā) include Russian ве́тер (véter, “wind”), English weather, athlete, vent and wind.

Pronunciation

(Classical) IPA^(key): /n̪iɾˈʋɑː.ɳɐ/

Noun

निर्वाण • (nirvāṇa) stem, n (Classical Sanskrit)

blowing out, extinction, cessation, setting, vanishing, disappearance
निर्वाणं कृ ― nirvāṇaṃ √kṛ ― to blow out, extinguish
(Hinduism) extinction of the flame of life, dissolution, death or final emancipation from matter and re-union with the Supreme Spirit
(Buddhism, Jainism) absolute extinction or annihilation (= शून्य (śūnya)) of individual existence or of all desires and passions
(figuratively) perfect calm or repose or happiness, highest bliss or beatitude

Declension

Neuter a-stem declension of निर्वाण (nirvāṇa)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	निर्वाणम् nirvāṇam	निर्वाणे nirvāṇe	निर्वाणानि nirvāṇāni
Vocative	निर्वाण nirvāṇa	निर्वाणे nirvāṇe	निर्वाणानि nirvāṇāni
Accusative	निर्वाणम् nirvāṇam	निर्वाणे nirvāṇe	निर्वाणानि nirvāṇāni
Instrumental	निर्वाणेन nirvāṇena	निर्वाणाभ्याम् nirvāṇābhyām	निर्वाणैः nirvāṇaiḥ
Dative	निर्वाणाय nirvāṇāya	निर्वाणाभ्याम् nirvāṇābhyām	निर्वाणेभ्यः nirvāṇebhyaḥ
Ablative	निर्वाणात् nirvāṇāt	निर्वाणाभ्याम् nirvāṇābhyām	निर्वाणेभ्यः nirvāṇebhyaḥ
Genitive	निर्वाणस्य nirvāṇasya	निर्वाणयोः nirvāṇayoḥ	निर्वाणानाम् nirvāṇānām
Locative	निर्वाणे nirvāṇe	निर्वाणयोः nirvāṇayoḥ	निर्वाणेषु nirvāṇeṣu

Descendants

Central:
- Kumaoni: निमान (“extinguishing”)
Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀡𑀺𑀯𑁆𑀯𑀸𑀡 (ṇivvāṇa)
- Marathi: निवाण (nivāṇ, “cooling application for eyes”), निवाणें (nivāṇẽ, “destruction”), निव्णें (nivṇẽ, “hole near fireplace where pot is set to cool”)
Pali: nibbāna
- → Burmese: နိဗ္ဗာန် (nibban)
- → Khmer: និព្វាន (nɨppiən)
- → Lao: ນິພານ (ni phān)
- → Thai: นิพพาน (níp-paan)
→ Bengali: নির্বাণ (nirban)
→ Chinese: 涅槃 (nièpán)
- → Japanese: 涅槃 (nehan)
- → Korean: 열반 (yeolban)
- → Vietnamese: niết bàn
→ English: nirvana
→ Gujarati: નિર્વાણ (nirvāṇ)
→ Hindi: निर्वाण (nirvāṇ)
→ Indonesian: nirwana
→ Kannada: ನಿರ್ವಾಣ (nirvāṇa)
→ Marathi: निर्वाण (nirvāṇ)
→ Punjabi: ਨਿਰਵਾਣ (nirvāṇ)
→ Russian: нирва́на (nirvána)
→ Ukrainian: нірва́на (nirvána)

Adjective

निर्वाण • (nirvāṇa) stem

blown or put out, extinguished (as a lamp or fire), set (as the sun), calmed, quieted, tamed, dead, deceased (lit. having the fire of life extinguished), lost, disappeared
immersed, plunged
immovable

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of निर्वाण (nirvāṇa)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	निर्वाणः nirvāṇaḥ	निर्वाणौ / निर्वाणा¹ nirvāṇau / nirvāṇā¹	निर्वाणाः / निर्वाणासः¹ nirvāṇāḥ / nirvāṇāsaḥ¹
Vocative	निर्वाण nirvāṇa	निर्वाणौ / निर्वाणा¹ nirvāṇau / nirvāṇā¹	निर्वाणाः / निर्वाणासः¹ nirvāṇāḥ / nirvāṇāsaḥ¹
Accusative	निर्वाणम् nirvāṇam	निर्वाणौ / निर्वाणा¹ nirvāṇau / nirvāṇā¹	निर्वाणान् nirvāṇān
Instrumental	निर्वाणेन nirvāṇena	निर्वाणाभ्याम् nirvāṇābhyām	निर्वाणैः / निर्वाणेभिः¹ nirvāṇaiḥ / nirvāṇebhiḥ¹
Dative	निर्वाणाय nirvāṇāya	निर्वाणाभ्याम् nirvāṇābhyām	निर्वाणेभ्यः nirvāṇebhyaḥ
Ablative	निर्वाणात् nirvāṇāt	निर्वाणाभ्याम् nirvāṇābhyām	निर्वाणेभ्यः nirvāṇebhyaḥ
Genitive	निर्वाणस्य nirvāṇasya	निर्वाणयोः nirvāṇayoḥ	निर्वाणानाम् nirvāṇānām
Locative	निर्वाणे nirvāṇe	निर्वाणयोः nirvāṇayoḥ	निर्वाणेषु nirvāṇeṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Feminine ā-stem declension of निर्वाणा (nirvāṇā)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	निर्वाणा nirvāṇā	निर्वाणे nirvāṇe	निर्वाणाः nirvāṇāḥ
Vocative	निर्वाणे nirvāṇe	निर्वाणे nirvāṇe	निर्वाणाः nirvāṇāḥ
Accusative	निर्वाणाम् nirvāṇām	निर्वाणे nirvāṇe	निर्वाणाः nirvāṇāḥ
Instrumental	निर्वाणया / निर्वाणा¹ nirvāṇayā / nirvāṇā¹	निर्वाणाभ्याम् nirvāṇābhyām	निर्वाणाभिः nirvāṇābhiḥ
Dative	निर्वाणायै nirvāṇāyai	निर्वाणाभ्याम् nirvāṇābhyām	निर्वाणाभ्यः nirvāṇābhyaḥ
Ablative	निर्वाणायाः / निर्वाणायै² nirvāṇāyāḥ / nirvāṇāyai²	निर्वाणाभ्याम् nirvāṇābhyām	निर्वाणाभ्यः nirvāṇābhyaḥ
Genitive	निर्वाणायाः / निर्वाणायै² nirvāṇāyāḥ / nirvāṇāyai²	निर्वाणयोः nirvāṇayoḥ	निर्वाणानाम् nirvāṇānām
Locative	निर्वाणायाम् nirvāṇāyām	निर्वाणयोः nirvāṇayoḥ	निर्वाणासु nirvāṇāsu
Notes	¹Vedic ²Brāhmaṇas

Neuter a-stem declension of निर्वाण (nirvāṇa)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	निर्वाणम् nirvāṇam	निर्वाणे nirvāṇe	निर्वाणानि / निर्वाणा¹ nirvāṇāni / nirvāṇā¹
Vocative	निर्वाण nirvāṇa	निर्वाणे nirvāṇe	निर्वाणानि / निर्वाणा¹ nirvāṇāni / nirvāṇā¹
Accusative	निर्वाणम् nirvāṇam	निर्वाणे nirvāṇe	निर्वाणानि / निर्वाणा¹ nirvāṇāni / nirvāṇā¹
Instrumental	निर्वाणेन nirvāṇena	निर्वाणाभ्याम् nirvāṇābhyām	निर्वाणैः / निर्वाणेभिः¹ nirvāṇaiḥ / nirvāṇebhiḥ¹
Dative	निर्वाणाय nirvāṇāya	निर्वाणाभ्याम् nirvāṇābhyām	निर्वाणेभ्यः nirvāṇebhyaḥ
Ablative	निर्वाणात् nirvāṇāt	निर्वाणाभ्याम् nirvāṇābhyām	निर्वाणेभ्यः nirvāṇebhyaḥ
Genitive	निर्वाणस्य nirvāṇasya	निर्वाणयोः nirvāṇayoḥ	निर्वाणानाम् nirvāṇānām
Locative	निर्वाणे nirvāṇe	निर्वाणयोः nirvāṇayoḥ	निर्वाणेषु nirvāṇeṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

References

Collins, Steven (2010) Nirvana: Concept, Imagery, Narrative. Cambridge University Press, pages 63-64.
Monier Williams (1899) “निर्वाण”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 0557.

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