चीन

See also: चूना, चना, चीनी, चिनी, and चैन

Hindi

Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit चीन (cīna).

Pronunciation

(Delhi Hindi) IPA^(key): /t͡ʃiːn/, [t͡ʃĩːn]

Proper noun

चीन • (cīn) m (Urdu spelling چین)

China (a country in Asia)

Declension

Declension of चीन (sg-only masc cons-stem)

	singular
direct	चीन cīn
oblique	चीन cīn
vocative	चीन cīn

Marathi

Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit चीन (cīna).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /t͡ɕin/, [t͡ɕiːn]

Proper noun

चीन • (cīn) n

China (a country in Asia)

Derived terms

चीनी (cīnī, “Chinese language”)

References

Berntsen, Maxine, “चीन”, in A Basic Marathi-English Dictionary, New Delhi: American Institute of Indian Studies, 1982-1983.

Nepali

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [t͡sinʌ]

Phonetic Devanagari: चिन्

Proper noun

चीन • (cīna)

China

Declension

Declension of चीन
	Singular
nominative	चीन [t͡sin]
accusative	चीनलाई [t͡sinläi]
instrumental/ergative	चीनले [t͡sinle]
dative	चीनलाई [t͡sinläi]
ablative	चीनबाट [t͡sinnoʈʌ]
genitive	चीनको [t͡sinko]
locative	चीनमा [t͡sinmä]

Notes: -को (-ko) becomes: -का (-kā) when followed by a plural noun. -की (-kī) when followed by a feminine noun.

Newar

Etymology

Ultimately from Sanskrit चीन (cīna)

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [t͡ɕiːnə]

Proper noun

चीन • (cīna) ? (Newa Spelling 𑐔𑐷𑐣)

China

Sanskrit

Alternative forms

चीण (cīṇa)

Alternative scripts

চীন (Assamese script)
ᬘᬷᬦ (Balinese script)
চীন (Bengali script)
𑰓𑰱𑰡 (Bhaiksuki script)
𑀘𑀻𑀦 (Brahmi script)
စီန (Burmese script)
ચીન (Gujarati script)
ਚੀਨ (Gurmukhi script)
𑌚𑍀𑌨 (Grantha script)
ꦕꦷꦤ (Javanese script)
𑂒𑂲𑂢 (Kaithi script)
ಚೀನ (Kannada script)
ចីន (Khmer script)
ຈີນ (Lao script)
ചീന (Malayalam script)
ᢜᡳᡳᠨᠠ (Manchu script)
𑘓𑘲𑘡 (Modi script)
ᢋᠢᠢᠨᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
𑦳𑧓𑧁 (Nandinagari script)
𑐔𑐷𑐣 (Newa script)
ଚୀନ (Odia script)
ꢗꢷꢥ (Saurashtra script)
𑆖𑆵𑆤 (Sharada script)
𑖓𑖱𑖡 (Siddham script)
චීන (Sinhalese script)
𑩡𑩑𑩛𑩯 (Soyombo script)
𑚏𑚯𑚝 (Takri script)
சீந (Tamil script)
చీన (Telugu script)
จีน (Thai script)
ཙཱི་ན (Tibetan script)
𑒔𑒲𑒢 (Tirhuta script)
𑨣𑨁𑨊𑨝 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology

Uncertain, but usually held to derive from Old Chinese 秦 (*zin) (sm Qín, mc d͡ziɪn, oc *zin, "Qin"), the westernmost ancient Chinese state.[1][2][3] Other theories have been proposed, including derivation from 晉／晋 (jìn) (sm Jìn, mc t͡siɪn, oc *ʔsins, "Jin"), another important ancient state;[4] 荊／荆 (jīng) (sm Jīng, mc kˠiæŋ, oc *keŋ, "Chu"), the southernmost ancient Chinese state;[5] or Zina, the endonym of the people of the Yelang kingdom.[5] See "Names of China" and "Chinas" at Wikipedia.

Pronunciation

(Classical) IPA^(key): /ˈt͡ɕiː.n̪ɐ/

Proper noun

चीन • (cīna) m

the Cīna or China (name of a people attested in classical literature, often identified as the Chinese)
- c. 200 BCE – 200 CE, Manusmṛti 10.44:
  पौण्ड्रकाश्चौड्रद्रविडाः काम्बोजा यवनाः शकाः ।
  पारदापह्लवाश्चीनाः किराता दरदाः खशाः ॥
  pauṇḍrakāścauḍradraviḍāḥ kāmbojā yavanāḥ śakāḥ.
  pāradāpahlavāścīnāḥ kirātā daradāḥ khaśāḥ.
  the Paundrakas, the Kodas, the Dravidas, the Kambojas, the Yavanas, the Sakas,
  the Paradas, the Pahlavas, the Cinas, the Kiratas, the Daradas, and the Khasas.
- c. 400 BCE, Mahābhārata 5.19.15:
  तस्य चीनैः किरातैश्च काञ्चनैरिव संवृतम् ।
  बभौ बलमनाधृष्यं कर्णिकारवनं यथा ॥
  tasya cīnaiḥ kirātaiśca kāñcanairiva saṃvṛtam.
  babhau balamanādhṛṣyaṃ karṇikāravanaṃ yathā.
  Thronged with the Cīnas and the Kirātas, all as if (clad in) gold,
  His unassailable army radiated (a splendour) like a forest of bayur trees.
- c. 500 BCE – 100 BCE, Rāmāyaṇa 4.44.14
- c. 200 CE, Lalitavistara Sūtra
- c. 600 BCE – 200 BCE, Caraka
- 550 CE, Varāhamihira, Bṛhat Saṃhitā

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of चीन (cīna)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	चीनः cīnaḥ	चीनौ / चीना¹ cīnau / cīnā¹	चीनाः / चीनासः¹ cīnāḥ / cīnāsaḥ¹
Vocative	चीन cīna	चीनौ / चीना¹ cīnau / cīnā¹	चीनाः / चीनासः¹ cīnāḥ / cīnāsaḥ¹
Accusative	चीनम् cīnam	चीनौ / चीना¹ cīnau / cīnā¹	चीनान् cīnān
Instrumental	चीनेन cīnena	चीनाभ्याम् cīnābhyām	चीनैः / चीनेभिः¹ cīnaiḥ / cīnebhiḥ¹
Dative	चीनाय cīnāya	चीनाभ्याम् cīnābhyām	चीनेभ्यः cīnebhyaḥ
Ablative	चीनात् cīnāt	चीनाभ्याम् cīnābhyām	चीनेभ्यः cīnebhyaḥ
Genitive	चीनस्य cīnasya	चीनयोः cīnayoḥ	चीनानाम् cīnānām
Locative	चीने cīne	चीनयोः cīnayoḥ	चीनेषु cīneṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

Descendants

Niya Prakrit: 𐨕𐨁𐨣 (cina), 𐨕𐨁𐨎𐨣 (ciṃna)
→ Middle Persian: 𐭰𐭩𐭭 (čīn)
- Classical Persian: چین (čīn)
  - Dari: چین (čīn)
  - Iranian Persian: چین (čin)
  - Tajik: Чин (Čin)
  - → Arabic: اَلصِّين (aṣ-ṣīn)
    - → Ancient Greek: Θῖνα (Thîna), Θῖναι (Thînai), Σῖναι (Sînai), Τζίνιστα (Tzínista)
    - → Latin: Sinae
      - → Portuguese: China
        → Italian: Cina
        
        → Sardinian: Cina
        
        → English: China
→ Middle Chinese: 支那 (MC tsye na)
- Chinese: 支那 (Zhīnà)
- → Japanese: 支那 (しな, shina)
- → Korean: 지나 (jina)
- → Vietnamese: Chi Na
→ Malay: Cina
- Indonesian: Cina
→ Malayalam: ചീന (cīna)
→ Telugu: చీనా (cīnā)
→ Kannada: ಚೀನಾ (cīnā)

Noun

चीन • (cīna) stem, n

a bandage for the corners of the eyes
- c. 600 BCE – 600 CE, Suśruta, Suśruta Saṃhitā 1.18.11

Declension

Neuter a-stem declension of चीन (cīna)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	चीनम् cīnam	चीने cīne	चीनानि / चीना¹ cīnāni / cīnā¹
Vocative	चीन cīna	चीने cīne	चीनानि / चीना¹ cīnāni / cīnā¹
Accusative	चीनम् cīnam	चीने cīne	चीनानि / चीना¹ cīnāni / cīnā¹
Instrumental	चीनेन cīnena	चीनाभ्याम् cīnābhyām	चीनैः / चीनेभिः¹ cīnaiḥ / cīnebhiḥ¹
Dative	चीनाय cīnāya	चीनाभ्याम् cīnābhyām	चीनेभ्यः cīnebhyaḥ
Ablative	चीनात् cīnāt	चीनाभ्याम् cīnābhyām	चीनेभ्यः cīnebhyaḥ
Genitive	चीनस्य cīnasya	चीनयोः cīnayoḥ	चीनानाम् cīnānām
Locative	चीने cīne	चीनयोः cīnayoḥ	चीनेषु cīneṣu
Notes	¹Vedic

References

Dr M. R. Singh (1972) Geographical Data in Early Puranas, page 172
Mayrhofer, Manfred (2001) “cīna-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), volume 3, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 191
Yule, Henry (2005) Cathay and the Way Thither‎, →ISBN, pages 2–3
Zhengzhang, Shangfang (鄭張尚芳) (2006) “古译名勘原辨讹五例 [A correction of the erroneous etymologic analyses on five ancient translated names]”, in 中国语文 (in Chinese), volume 315, →ISSN, pages 541–549
Wade Geoff (2009-05) “The Polity of Yelang and the Origin of the Name 'China'”, in Sino-Platonic Papers‎, number 188

Monier Williams (1899) “चीन”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 0399.

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[Singh-1] Dr M. R. Singh (1972) Geographical Data in Early Puranas, page 172

[Mayrhofer-2] Mayrhofer, Manfred (2001) “cīna-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎ (in German), volume 3, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 191

[Yule-3] Yule, Henry (2005) Cathay and the Way Thither‎, →ISBN, pages 2–3

[Zhengzhang-4] Zhengzhang, Shangfang (鄭張尚芳) (2006) “古译名勘原辨讹五例 [A correction of the erroneous etymologic analyses on five ancient translated names]”, in 中国语文 (in Chinese), volume 315, →ISSN, pages 541–549

[Wade-5] Wade Geoff (2009-05) “The Polity of Yelang and the Origin of the Name 'China'”, in Sino-Platonic Papers‎, number 188