خرد

Ottoman Turkish

Etymology 1

From Persian خرد (xord).

Adjective

خرد • (hurd)

  1. little, small
  2. petty, insignificant

Etymology 2

From Persian خرد (xerad).

Noun

خرد • (hıred)

  1. wisdom, intellect, sense, judgment, understanding

Persian

Etymology 1

From Middle Persian [script needed] (hwlt' /⁠xwurd⁠/, “little”), perhaps originally the past participle of [script needed] (hwltn' /⁠xwardan⁠/, “to eat”); for the semantic development, compare the derivation of Proto-West Germanic *biti (“bit”) from *bītan (“to bite”).[1] Compare Talysh هرد (hərd), Northern Luri هیرد (hird); see خوردن (xordan) for more on the root.

Pronunciation
 
 

Readings
Classical reading? xurd
Dari reading? xurd
Iranian reading? xord
Tajik reading? xurd

Adjective
Dari خرد
Iranian Persian
Tajik хурд

خرد • (xord) (comparative خردتَر (xord-tar), superlative خردتَرین (xord-tarin))

  1. (normal in Dari, archaic in Iran) little, small (in physical size)
    Synonym: کوچک (kuček)
    Antonyms: کلان (kalân), بزرگ (bozorg)
  2. (figurative) small, micro-
    اقتصاد خرد ― eqtesâd-e xord ― micro-economics
  3. insignificant, trifling (mainly used of money)
    پول خورد (colloquial Iranian) ― pul-e xurd ― small change
Usage notes
  • Nowadays, this word is generally used for actual physical size only in Afghanistan.
Alternative forms
Derived terms
Descendants
  • → Ottoman Turkish: خرد (hurd)
  • → Urdu: خرد (xurd)

Etymology 2

Inherited from Middle Persian [script needed] (hlt /⁠xrat, xrad⁠/, “wisdom, understanding, intelligence”), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *krátuš (“intelligence, mental power”), from Proto-Indo-European *krét-us. Akin to Old Armenian խրատ (xrat), an Iranian borrowing.

Pronunciation
 
  • (Dari, formal) IPA(key): [xɪ.ɾǽd̪]
    • (Kabuli) IPA(key): [xɪ.ɾǽd̪]
    • (Hazaragi) IPA(key): [xi.ɾǽd̪̥]

Readings
Classical reading? xiraḏ
Dari reading? xirad
Iranian reading? xerad
Tajik reading? xirad

Noun
Dari خرد
Iranian Persian
Tajik хирад

خرد • (xerad)

  1. wisdom, intellect, judgment, understanding
Derived terms
  • خردمند (xeradmand)
Descendants
  • → Ottoman Turkish: خرد (hıred)

References
  1. Jost Gippert (2009) “An Etymological Trifle”, in Werner Sundermann, Almut Hintze, François de Blois, editors, Exegisti monumenta: Festschrift in Honour of Nicholas Sims-Williams‎, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, →ISBN, pages 137-138

Urdu

Etymology 1

From Classical Persian خرد (xirad, “wisdom, intellect”).

Pronunciation

Noun

خرد • (xirad) ?

  1. wisdom, intellect; judgement
  2. reason, understanding

Etymology 2

Borrowed from Classical Persian خرد (xurd).

Pronunciation

Adjective

خُرْد • (xurd) (Hindi spelling ख़ुर्द)

  1. little, small; minute
  2. young

References
  • “خرد”, in اُردُو لُغَت (urdū luġat) (in Urdu), Ministry of Education: Government of Pakistan, 2017.
  • Qureshi, Bashir Ahmad (1971) “خرد”, in Kitabistan's 20th Century Standard Dictionary‎, Lahore: Kitabistan Pub. Co.
  • Platts, John T. (1884) “خرد”, in A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co.
  • “خرد”, in ریخْتَہ لُغَت (rexta luġat) - Rekhta Dictionary [Urdu dictionary with meanings in Hindi & English], Noida, India: Rekhta Foundation, 2024.
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