حصن
See also: حضن
Arabic
Etymology 1
| Root |
|---|
| ح ص ن (ḥ-ṣ-n) |
Borrowed from Aramaic חִצְנַא / ܚܶܨܢܳܐ (ḥeṣnā, “stronghold, fortress”), assimilating the laryngeal from earlier 𐡇𐡎𐡍𐡀 / ܚܶܣܢܳܐ (ḥesnā, “stronghold, fortress”), also חוּסנַא / ܚܽܘܣܢܳܐ (ḥusnā), already attested in Old Aramaic 𐤇𐤎𐤍𐤀 (ḥsnʾ), deriving from a well-used root ח־ס־ן ܚ-ܣ-ܢ (ḥ-s-n), which would be cognate to the Arabic root خ ش ن (ḵ-š-n) related to roughness, or perhaps ح س ن (ḥ-s-n) related to goodliness, comeliness, if one relates pulchritude with brawn, and fortresses with exaltedness of appearance. This ascription of Aramaic origin is corroborated by the consideration that fortresses are not to be sought in the original place of the Arabic language, and in conformity with this, most other terms for fortresses, castles, and towers are borrowed, بُرْج (burj), قَصْر (qaṣr), بَلَاط (balāṭ), مِجْدَل (mijdal), صَرْح (ṣarḥ), مِحْرَاب (miḥrāb), صَوْمَعَة (ṣawmaʕa), سَرَاي (sarāy), إِيوَان (ʔīwān), قَشْلَة (qašla).
The root’s other formations, containing meanings related to inaccessibility, protection, strength, are denominal from the word for the fortress, حِصْن (ḥiṣn)
Though the root ح ص ن (ḥ-ṣ-n) contains حِصَان (ḥiṣān, “horse, stallion, stud”), not even this is a strong contender for a native origin in this root, since this word for a stud or stallion, of high register, could have been invented easily in folk poetry from the idea of strength a fortress is connected to, which is supported by the fact that horses aren’t to be sought in Arabia either, and the other word فَرَس (faras) has also been picked up.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ħisˤn/
- (Hijazi) IPA(key): /ħi.sˤin/, [ħɪ.sˤɪn]
Noun
حِصْن • (ḥiṣn) m (plural حُصُون (ḥuṣūn) or حِصَنَة (ḥiṣana) or أَحْصَان (ʔaḥṣān))
- (also figuratively) stronghold, fortress, entrenchment
- لَا إِلٰهَ إِلَّا اللهُ حِصْنِي فَمَنْ دَخَلَ حِصْنَي أَمِنَ مِنْ عَذَابِي
- lā ʔilāha ʔillā llāhu ḥiṣnī faman daḵala ḥiṣnay ʔamina min ʕaḏābī
- "There is no god but God" is my fortress and whomever enters my fortress is saved from my torture (hadith)
- armor or weapons
Declension
Declension of noun حِصْن (ḥiṣn)
| Singular | basic singular triptote | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
| Informal | حِصْن ḥiṣn |
الْحِصْن al-ḥiṣn |
حِصْن ḥiṣn |
| Nominative | حِصْنٌ ḥiṣnun |
الْحِصْنُ al-ḥiṣnu |
حِصْنُ ḥiṣnu |
| Accusative | حِصْنًا ḥiṣnan |
الْحِصْنَ al-ḥiṣna |
حِصْنَ ḥiṣna |
| Genitive | حِصْنٍ ḥiṣnin |
الْحِصْنِ al-ḥiṣni |
حِصْنِ ḥiṣni |
| Dual | Indefinite | Definite | Construct |
| Informal | حِصْنَيْن ḥiṣnayn |
الْحِصْنَيْن al-ḥiṣnayn |
حِصْنَيْ ḥiṣnay |
| Nominative | حِصْنَانِ ḥiṣnāni |
الْحِصْنَانِ al-ḥiṣnāni |
حِصْنَا ḥiṣnā |
| Accusative | حِصْنَيْنِ ḥiṣnayni |
الْحِصْنَيْنِ al-ḥiṣnayni |
حِصْنَيْ ḥiṣnay |
| Genitive | حِصْنَيْنِ ḥiṣnayni |
الْحِصْنَيْنِ al-ḥiṣnayni |
حِصْنَيْ ḥiṣnay |
| Plural | basic broken plural triptote; broken plural triptote in ـَة (-a) | ||
| Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
| Informal | حُصُون; حِصَنَة; أَحْصَان ḥuṣūn; ḥiṣana; ʔaḥṣān |
الْحُصُون; الْحِصَنَة; الْأَحْصَان al-ḥuṣūn; al-ḥiṣana; al-ʔaḥṣān |
حُصُون; حِصَنَة; أَحْصَان ḥuṣūn; ḥiṣanat; ʔaḥṣān |
| Nominative | حُصُونٌ; حِصَنَةٌ; أَحْصَانٌ ḥuṣūnun; ḥiṣanatun; ʔaḥṣānun |
الْحُصُونُ; الْحِصَنَةُ; الْأَحْصَانُ al-ḥuṣūnu; al-ḥiṣanatu; al-ʔaḥṣānu |
حُصُونُ; حِصَنَةُ; أَحْصَانُ ḥuṣūnu; ḥiṣanatu; ʔaḥṣānu |
| Accusative | حُصُونًا; حِصَنَةً; أَحْصَانًا ḥuṣūnan; ḥiṣanatan; ʔaḥṣānan |
الْحُصُونَ; الْحِصَنَةَ; الْأَحْصَانَ al-ḥuṣūna; al-ḥiṣanata; al-ʔaḥṣāna |
حُصُونَ; حِصَنَةَ; أَحْصَانَ ḥuṣūna; ḥiṣanata; ʔaḥṣāna |
| Genitive | حُصُونٍ; حِصَنَةٍ; أَحْصَانٍ ḥuṣūnin; ḥiṣanatin; ʔaḥṣānin |
الْحُصُونِ; الْحِصَنَةِ; الْأَحْصَانِ al-ḥuṣūni; al-ḥiṣanati; al-ʔaḥṣāni |
حُصُونِ; حِصَنَةِ; أَحْصَانِ ḥuṣūni; ḥiṣanati; ʔaḥṣāni |
Descendants
- → Georgian: ისანი (isani)
- → Spanish: izn
References
- Fraenkel, Siegmund (1886) Die aramäischen Fremdwörter im Arabischen (in German), Leiden: E. J. Brill, pages 235–236
- Praetorius, Franz (1907) “Äthiopische Etymologien”, in Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft (in German), volume 61, pages 616–617
- “ḥṣn”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project, Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986–
- “ḥsn2”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project, Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986–
- “ḥsn3”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project, Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986–
- “ḥsn”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project, Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986–
Etymology 2
After the root ح ص ن (ḥ-ṣ-n).
Conjugation
Conjugation of
حَصُنَ
(form-I sound, verbal noun حَصَانَة)| verbal noun الْمَصْدَر |
حَصَانَة ḥaṣāna | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل |
حَاصِن ḥāṣin | |||||||||||
| active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم | ||||||||||||
| singular الْمُفْرَد |
dual الْمُثَنَّى |
plural الْجَمْع | ||||||||||
| 1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب | |||||
| past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي |
m | حَصُنْتُ ḥaṣuntu |
حَصُنْتَ ḥaṣunta |
ḥaṣuna |
حَصُنْتُمَا ḥaṣuntumā |
حَصُنَا ḥaṣunā |
حَصُنَّا ḥaṣunnā |
حَصُنْتُمْ ḥaṣuntum |
حَصُنُوا ḥaṣunū | |||
| f | حَصُنْتِ ḥaṣunti |
حَصُنَتْ ḥaṣunat |
حَصُنَتَا ḥaṣunatā |
حَصُنْتُنَّ ḥaṣuntunna |
ḥaṣunna | |||||||
| non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع |
m | ʔaḥṣunu |
taḥṣunu |
يَحْصُنُ yaḥṣunu |
تَحْصُنَانِ taḥṣunāni |
يَحْصُنَانِ yaḥṣunāni |
نَحْصُنُ naḥṣunu |
تَحْصُنُونَ taḥṣunūna |
يَحْصُنُونَ yaḥṣunūna | |||
| f | تَحْصُنِينَ taḥṣunīna |
taḥṣunu |
تَحْصُنَانِ taḥṣunāni |
taḥṣunna |
يَحْصُنَّ yaḥṣunna | |||||||
| subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب |
m | ʔaḥṣuna |
taḥṣuna |
يَحْصُنَ yaḥṣuna |
تَحْصُنَا taḥṣunā |
يَحْصُنَا yaḥṣunā |
نَحْصُنَ naḥṣuna |
تَحْصُنُوا taḥṣunū |
يَحْصُنُوا yaḥṣunū | |||
| f | تَحْصُنِي taḥṣunī |
taḥṣuna |
تَحْصُنَا taḥṣunā |
taḥṣunna |
يَحْصُنَّ yaḥṣunna | |||||||
| jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم |
m | ʔaḥṣun |
taḥṣun |
يَحْصُنْ yaḥṣun |
تَحْصُنَا taḥṣunā |
يَحْصُنَا yaḥṣunā |
نَحْصُنْ naḥṣun |
تَحْصُنُوا taḥṣunū |
يَحْصُنُوا yaḥṣunū | |||
| f | تَحْصُنِي taḥṣunī |
taḥṣun |
تَحْصُنَا taḥṣunā |
taḥṣunna |
يَحْصُنَّ yaḥṣunna | |||||||
| imperative الْأَمْر |
m | اُحْصُنْ uḥṣun |
اُحْصُنَا uḥṣunā |
اُحْصُنُوا uḥṣunū |
||||||||
| f | اُحْصُنِي uḥṣunī |
اُحْصُنَّ uḥṣunna | ||||||||||
Verb
حَصُنَ • (ḥaṣuna) I, non-past يَحْصُنُ (yaḥṣunu)
- to be continent, to be chaste, to keep decor (by keeping in husbandly home or unapproached)
Conjugation
Conjugation of
حَصُنَ
(form-I sound, verbal nouns حَصْن or حُصْن or حِصْن)| verbal nouns الْمَصَادِر |
ḥaṣn or ḥuṣn or ḥiṣn | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل |
حَاصِن ḥāṣin | |||||||||||
| active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم | ||||||||||||
| singular الْمُفْرَد |
dual الْمُثَنَّى |
plural الْجَمْع | ||||||||||
| 1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب | |||||
| past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي |
m | حَصُنْتُ ḥaṣuntu |
حَصُنْتَ ḥaṣunta |
ḥaṣuna |
حَصُنْتُمَا ḥaṣuntumā |
حَصُنَا ḥaṣunā |
حَصُنَّا ḥaṣunnā |
حَصُنْتُمْ ḥaṣuntum |
حَصُنُوا ḥaṣunū | |||
| f | حَصُنْتِ ḥaṣunti |
حَصُنَتْ ḥaṣunat |
حَصُنَتَا ḥaṣunatā |
حَصُنْتُنَّ ḥaṣuntunna |
ḥaṣunna | |||||||
| non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع |
m | ʔaḥṣunu |
taḥṣunu |
يَحْصُنُ yaḥṣunu |
تَحْصُنَانِ taḥṣunāni |
يَحْصُنَانِ yaḥṣunāni |
نَحْصُنُ naḥṣunu |
تَحْصُنُونَ taḥṣunūna |
يَحْصُنُونَ yaḥṣunūna | |||
| f | تَحْصُنِينَ taḥṣunīna |
taḥṣunu |
تَحْصُنَانِ taḥṣunāni |
taḥṣunna |
يَحْصُنَّ yaḥṣunna | |||||||
| subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب |
m | ʔaḥṣuna |
taḥṣuna |
يَحْصُنَ yaḥṣuna |
تَحْصُنَا taḥṣunā |
يَحْصُنَا yaḥṣunā |
نَحْصُنَ naḥṣuna |
تَحْصُنُوا taḥṣunū |
يَحْصُنُوا yaḥṣunū | |||
| f | تَحْصُنِي taḥṣunī |
taḥṣuna |
تَحْصُنَا taḥṣunā |
taḥṣunna |
يَحْصُنَّ yaḥṣunna | |||||||
| jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم |
m | ʔaḥṣun |
taḥṣun |
يَحْصُنْ yaḥṣun |
تَحْصُنَا taḥṣunā |
يَحْصُنَا yaḥṣunā |
نَحْصُنْ naḥṣun |
تَحْصُنُوا taḥṣunū |
يَحْصُنُوا yaḥṣunū | |||
| f | تَحْصُنِي taḥṣunī |
taḥṣun |
تَحْصُنَا taḥṣunā |
taḥṣunna |
يَحْصُنَّ yaḥṣunna | |||||||
| imperative الْأَمْر |
m | اُحْصُنْ uḥṣun |
اُحْصُنَا uḥṣunā |
اُحْصُنُوا uḥṣunū |
||||||||
| f | اُحْصُنِي uḥṣunī |
اُحْصُنَّ uḥṣunna | ||||||||||
Noun
حَصْن or حُصْن or حِصْن • (ḥaṣn or ḥuṣn or ḥiṣn) m
Declension
| Singular | basic singular triptote | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
| Informal | حَصْن; حُصْن; حِصْن ḥaṣn; ḥuṣn; ḥiṣn |
الْحَصْن; الْحُصْن; الْحِصْن al-ḥaṣn; al-ḥuṣn; al-ḥiṣn |
حَصْن; حُصْن; حِصْن ḥaṣn; ḥuṣn; ḥiṣn |
| Nominative | حَصْنٌ; حُصْنٌ; حِصْنٌ ḥaṣnun; ḥuṣnun; ḥiṣnun |
الْحَصْنُ; الْحُصْنُ; الْحِصْنُ al-ḥaṣnu; al-ḥuṣnu; al-ḥiṣnu |
حَصْنُ; حُصْنُ; حِصْنُ ḥaṣnu; ḥuṣnu; ḥiṣnu |
| Accusative | حَصْنًا; حُصْنًا; حِصْنًا ḥaṣnan; ḥuṣnan; ḥiṣnan |
الْحَصْنَ; الْحُصْنَ; الْحِصْنَ al-ḥaṣna; al-ḥuṣna; al-ḥiṣna |
حَصْنَ; حُصْنَ; حِصْنَ ḥaṣna; ḥuṣna; ḥiṣna |
| Genitive | حَصْنٍ; حُصْنٍ; حِصْنٍ ḥaṣnin; ḥuṣnin; ḥiṣnin |
الْحَصْنِ; الْحُصْنِ; الْحِصْنِ al-ḥaṣni; al-ḥuṣni; al-ḥiṣni |
حَصْنِ; حُصْنِ; حِصْنِ ḥaṣni; ḥuṣni; ḥiṣni |
Verb
حَصَّنَ • (ḥaṣṣana) II, non-past يُحَصِّنُ (yuḥaṣṣinu)
- to render inaccessible, to make unattainable
- to immunize, to vaccinate (that is, to make unattainable for pathogens)
Conjugation
Conjugation of
حَصَّنَ
(form-II sound)| verbal noun الْمَصْدَر |
taḥṣīn | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل |
muḥaṣṣin | |||||||||||
| passive participle اِسْم الْمَفْعُول |
muḥaṣṣan | |||||||||||
| active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم | ||||||||||||
| singular الْمُفْرَد |
dual الْمُثَنَّى |
plural الْجَمْع | ||||||||||
| 1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب | |||||
| past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي |
m | حَصَّنْتُ ḥaṣṣantu |
حَصَّنْتَ ḥaṣṣanta |
ḥaṣṣana |
حَصَّنْتُمَا ḥaṣṣantumā |
حَصَّنَا ḥaṣṣanā |
حَصَّنَّا ḥaṣṣannā |
حَصَّنْتُمْ ḥaṣṣantum |
حَصَّنُوا ḥaṣṣanū | |||
| f | حَصَّنْتِ ḥaṣṣanti |
حَصَّنَتْ ḥaṣṣanat |
حَصَّنَتَا ḥaṣṣanatā |
حَصَّنْتُنَّ ḥaṣṣantunna |
ḥaṣṣanna | |||||||
| non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع |
m | ʔuḥaṣṣinu |
tuḥaṣṣinu |
يُحَصِّنُ yuḥaṣṣinu |
تُحَصِّنَانِ tuḥaṣṣināni |
يُحَصِّنَانِ yuḥaṣṣināni |
نُحَصِّنُ nuḥaṣṣinu |
تُحَصِّنُونَ tuḥaṣṣinūna |
يُحَصِّنُونَ yuḥaṣṣinūna | |||
| f | تُحَصِّنِينَ tuḥaṣṣinīna |
tuḥaṣṣinu |
تُحَصِّنَانِ tuḥaṣṣināni |
tuḥaṣṣinna |
يُحَصِّنَّ yuḥaṣṣinna | |||||||
| subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب |
m | ʔuḥaṣṣina |
tuḥaṣṣina |
يُحَصِّنَ yuḥaṣṣina |
تُحَصِّنَا tuḥaṣṣinā |
يُحَصِّنَا yuḥaṣṣinā |
نُحَصِّنَ nuḥaṣṣina |
تُحَصِّنُوا tuḥaṣṣinū |
يُحَصِّنُوا yuḥaṣṣinū | |||
| f | تُحَصِّنِي tuḥaṣṣinī |
tuḥaṣṣina |
تُحَصِّنَا tuḥaṣṣinā |
tuḥaṣṣinna |
يُحَصِّنَّ yuḥaṣṣinna | |||||||
| jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم |
m | ʔuḥaṣṣin |
tuḥaṣṣin |
يُحَصِّنْ yuḥaṣṣin |
تُحَصِّنَا tuḥaṣṣinā |
يُحَصِّنَا yuḥaṣṣinā |
نُحَصِّنْ nuḥaṣṣin |
تُحَصِّنُوا tuḥaṣṣinū |
يُحَصِّنُوا yuḥaṣṣinū | |||
| f | تُحَصِّنِي tuḥaṣṣinī |
tuḥaṣṣin |
تُحَصِّنَا tuḥaṣṣinā |
tuḥaṣṣinna |
يُحَصِّنَّ yuḥaṣṣinna | |||||||
| imperative الْأَمْر |
m | ḥaṣṣin |
حَصِّنَا ḥaṣṣinā |
حَصِّنُوا ḥaṣṣinū |
||||||||
| f | حَصِّنِي ḥaṣṣinī |
ḥaṣṣinna | ||||||||||
| passive voice الْفِعْل الْمَجْهُول | ||||||||||||
| singular الْمُفْرَد |
dual الْمُثَنَّى |
plural الْجَمْع | ||||||||||
| 1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب | |||||
| past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي |
m | حُصِّنْتُ ḥuṣṣintu |
حُصِّنْتَ ḥuṣṣinta |
ḥuṣṣina |
حُصِّنْتُمَا ḥuṣṣintumā |
حُصِّنَا ḥuṣṣinā |
حُصِّنَّا ḥuṣṣinnā |
حُصِّنْتُمْ ḥuṣṣintum |
حُصِّنُوا ḥuṣṣinū | |||
| f | حُصِّنْتِ ḥuṣṣinti |
حُصِّنَتْ ḥuṣṣinat |
حُصِّنَتَا ḥuṣṣinatā |
حُصِّنْتُنَّ ḥuṣṣintunna |
ḥuṣṣinna | |||||||
| non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع |
m | ʔuḥaṣṣanu |
tuḥaṣṣanu |
يُحَصَّنُ yuḥaṣṣanu |
تُحَصَّنَانِ tuḥaṣṣanāni |
يُحَصَّنَانِ yuḥaṣṣanāni |
نُحَصَّنُ nuḥaṣṣanu |
تُحَصَّنُونَ tuḥaṣṣanūna |
يُحَصَّنُونَ yuḥaṣṣanūna | |||
| f | تُحَصَّنِينَ tuḥaṣṣanīna |
tuḥaṣṣanu |
تُحَصَّنَانِ tuḥaṣṣanāni |
tuḥaṣṣanna |
يُحَصَّنَّ yuḥaṣṣanna | |||||||
| subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب |
m | ʔuḥaṣṣana |
tuḥaṣṣana |
يُحَصَّنَ yuḥaṣṣana |
تُحَصَّنَا tuḥaṣṣanā |
يُحَصَّنَا yuḥaṣṣanā |
نُحَصَّنَ nuḥaṣṣana |
تُحَصَّنُوا tuḥaṣṣanū |
يُحَصَّنُوا yuḥaṣṣanū | |||
| f | تُحَصَّنِي tuḥaṣṣanī |
tuḥaṣṣana |
تُحَصَّنَا tuḥaṣṣanā |
tuḥaṣṣanna |
يُحَصَّنَّ yuḥaṣṣanna | |||||||
| jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم |
m | ʔuḥaṣṣan |
tuḥaṣṣan |
يُحَصَّنْ yuḥaṣṣan |
تُحَصَّنَا tuḥaṣṣanā |
يُحَصَّنَا yuḥaṣṣanā |
نُحَصَّنْ nuḥaṣṣan |
تُحَصَّنُوا tuḥaṣṣanū |
يُحَصَّنُوا yuḥaṣṣanū | |||
| f | تُحَصَّنِي tuḥaṣṣanī |
tuḥaṣṣan |
تُحَصَّنَا tuḥaṣṣanā |
tuḥaṣṣanna |
يُحَصَّنَّ yuḥaṣṣanna | |||||||
Etymology 3
See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ħu.sˤun/
Ottoman Turkish
Noun
حصن • (hısn) (plural حصون)
Descendants
- Turkish: hısn
Further reading
- Çağbayır, Yaşar (2007) “hısn”, in Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish), volume 1, Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, page 1954
- Kélékian, Diran (1911) “حصن”, in Dictionnaire turc-français, Constantinople: Mihran, page 509
- Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1687) “Arx”, in Complementum thesauri linguarum orientalium, seu onomasticum latino-turcico-arabico-persicum, simul idem index verborum lexici turcico-arabico-persici, quod latinâ, germanicâ, aliarumque linguarum adjectâ nomenclatione nuper in lucem editum, Vienna, column 88
- Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1680) “حصن”, in Thesaurus linguarum orientalium, Turcicae, Arabicae, Persicae, praecipuas earum opes à Turcis peculiariter usurpatas continens, nimirum Lexicon Turkico-Arabico-Persicum, Vienna, column 1768
- Redhouse, James W. (1890) “حصن”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon, Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 789
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