جنس
Arabic
Etymology 1
Probably from Classical Syriac ܓܸܢܣܵܐ (gensā), which is in turn probably from Ancient Greek γένος (génos), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵénh₁os. Alternatively, but much less likely, from Latin genus from the same Indo-European etymon. For the word's meanings, compare with German Geschlecht (“race; genus; maleness or femaleness; grammatical gender”).
Noun
جِنْس • (jins) m (plural أَجْنَاس (ʔajnās))
- (countable) a kind; a variety; a breed
- (countable, philosophy) a category to which one or more things belong
- Synonyms: مَقُولَة (maqūla), مَحْمُولَة (maḥmūla)
- (see usage notes) the quality of maleness or femaleness
- (grammar) grammatical gender
- (of animals or plants) a stock; a breed
- الجِنْس البَشَرِيّ
- al-jins al-bašariyy
- the human stock
- Hyponym: (of humans, modern) عِرْق (ʕirq, “race”)
- (Can we date this quote?), Ibn Taymiyyah, اقتضاء الصراط المستقيم لمخالفة أصحالب الجحيم [The Upright Path: The Necessity of Departing from the People of Hellfire]:
- [التفاضل بين جنس العرب وجنس العجم]
فإن الذي عليه أهل السنة والجماعة: اعتقاد أن جنس العرب أفضل من جنس العجم، عبرانيهم (6) وسريانيهم (7) روميهم وفرسيهم (8) وغيرهم.
وأن قريشا أفضل العرب، وأن بني هاشم: أفضل قريش، وأن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم أفضل بني هاشم. فهو: أفضل الخلق نفسا، وأفضلهم نسبا. وليس فضل العرب، ثم قريش، ثم بني هاشم، لمجرد كون النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم منهم، وإن كان هذا من الفضل، بل هم في أنفسهم أفضل، وبذلك يثبت (1) لرسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم: أنه أفضل نفسا ونسبا، وإلا لزم الدور. ... وذهبت فرقة من الناس إلى (4) أن لا فضل لجنس العرب على جنس العجم. ... ومن الناس من قد يفضل بعض أنواع العجم على العرب. والغالب أن مثل هذا الكلام لا يصدر إلا عن نوع نفاق: إما في الاعتقاد وإما في العمل المنبعث عن هوى النفس، مع شبهات اقتضت ذلك، ولهذا جاء في الحديث: «حب العرب إيمان وبغضهم نفاق» (1) مع أن الكلام في هذه المسائل لا يكاد يخلو عن هوى (2) للنفس، ونصيب للشيطان من الطرفين، وهذا محرم في جميع المسائل.- Distinction between the Stock of the Arabs and the Stock of the Non-Arabs
The Sunnites hold, among their doctrines, the belief that the stock of the Arabs is better than the stock of the non-Arabs, be they Hebrews, or Assyrians, or Romans, or Persians, or otherwise; that Qurayš is the most meritorious of the Arabs and so is the tribe of Hāšim among Qurayš; and that the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, is the best of the tribe of Hāšim, for he is "the best of creation in spirit and in pedigree". The distinction of the Arabs, though, is not merely by dint of the Prophet's being from among them, notwithstanding that this is a distinction. They themselves are excellent, hence the Prophet's saying that he is "the best in spirit and pedigree", may Allah bless him and grant him peace, for if not, there should have been an entailment relation. ... Some camp determined that there is no distinction for the Arab stock over the non-Arab stock. ... And among people, there are those who may put some of the types of non-Arabs above the Arabs. Mostly, though, such talk arises from a kind of pretense, either in word or in deed, coming from whims, along with misunderstandings that would point to this or that, and thus, as the tradition says, "loving Arabs is piety; loathing them is a dissemblance". Still, talking about these matters is seldom free of partiality, a share for the Devil on both sides. This is impermissible in all matters.
- Distinction between the Stock of the Arabs and the Stock of the Non-Arabs
- (taxonomy) genus
- Coordinate terms: نَوْع (nawʕ, “species”), مُسْتَنْبَت (mustanbat, “cultivar”), فَصِيلَة (faṣīla, “family”), رُتْبَة (rutba, “order”), مَمْلَكَة (mamlaka, “kingdom”)
- (uncountable, modern, sometimes vulgar) sex, sexual intercourse
- Synonyms: مُضَاجَعَة (muḍājaʕa, “lying together; lovemaking”), جِمَاع (jimāʕ, “copulation”), (archaic) نِكَاح (nikāḥ), (now vulgar) نَيْك (nayk)
- (Can we date this quote?), ʿAlī Muḥammad al-Yūsuf, أفكار وشذرات فلسفية [Beads of Philosophy]:
- باتت هذه التطلعات الاشتراكية من یوتوبيات عصور الانقراض التي عفا عليها الزمن و تجاوزها التاريخ، ليحل محلها في الأولوية الاباحية الجنسية والدعارة المنظمة وانحلال الاسرة وانحدار الاخلاقيات الجنسية إلى مراتب حيوانية بهيمية، علما انه لا توجد مشاعية جنسية حيوانية الا في فترة محدودة هي موسم التكاثر، وممارسة الحيوان للجنس عنده ليس بافضل منها لذتُه بالاكل فقط، بعكس الانسان الذي يجد متعة الجنس افضل من متعته بالاكل، لذا تعتبر مشاعية الجنس عند الحيوان حتى وإن لم يدرك ذلك مرتبة في نظامها الطبيعي من اباحية الجنس الآدمية المبتدعة في المجتمعات الغربية الرأسمالية، بأسم ممارسة حرية الجنس كحق مکتسب في الاباحية وفي ازالة حواجز التحريم الجنسي نهائيا في زنا المحارم والديوثية وغيرها من انواع الجنس الشاذ.
- These socialist aspirations [that is, of wealth redistribution] became cast-aside utopias, obsolesced by history and time, to be replaced by the primacy of sexual licentiousness and organized prostitution and by the break-up of the family and the degeneration of sexual ethics to the level of senseless animals, though animals are not sexually excited outside their mating seasons, nor is sex among animals surpassed only by the pleasure of food, unlike humans, who would prefer the pleasure of sex to that of food. Among animals, sex is thus less base, though the animals themselves are oblivious to it, than the sexual libertinism among men in Western capitalist societies, which is hailed as a right that necessitates the abolition of all the sexual prohibitions and barriers to incest and cuckoldry, among other forms of sexual deviancy.
- (Can we date this quote?), Fawzī Ḏaybān, إِكْمِيل [ʔikmīl, ʾIkmīl]:
- أنا أحب الجنس، والمرأة التي كالقطة تموء، وأحب الجسد الأسمر والطبيعة والعزف المتصاعد.
- I like sex. I like women that moan like pussycats. I like dark bodies, and nature, and rising melodies.
- value, worth, distinction which reflects in a different price, richness
- a. 1248, ابن البيطار [Ibn al-Bayṭār], الجامع لمفردات الأدوية والأغذية [De simplicibus medicinis opus magnum]:
- كركند: الغافقي قيل أنه حجر يشبه الياقوت الأحمر غير أنه ليس في نضارته ولا جنسه وإذا نفخ عليه النار انكسر والمبرد يعمل فيه عملاً خفيفاً.
- Ruby spinel: Al-Ġāfaqīy [d. 1164]: It is said to be a stone similar to ruby but it isn’t in its shine nor value. And when fire is blown upon it then it bursts. The file works upon it but feebly.
- good or item of value of a furnishing, a valuable, commodity
Usage notes
Like their ideological counterparts in Europe and the Americas, Arabic-speaking liberal feminists and social constructionists depreciate the sense of "sexual identity" of جِنْس (jins), and instead, they opt for the semantically broader نَوْع (nawʕ) as the standard rendition of the English gender and reserve جِنْس (jins) for the meaning of "sexual activity".
Declension
Singular | basic singular triptote | ||
---|---|---|---|
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | جِنْس jins |
الْجِنْس al-jins |
جِنْس jins |
Nominative | جِنْسٌ jinsun |
الْجِنْسُ al-jinsu |
جِنْسُ jinsu |
Accusative | جِنْسًا jinsan |
الْجِنْسَ al-jinsa |
جِنْسَ jinsa |
Genitive | جِنْسٍ jinsin |
الْجِنْسِ al-jinsi |
جِنْسِ jinsi |
Dual | Indefinite | Definite | Construct |
Informal | جِنْسَيْن jinsayn |
الْجِنْسَيْن al-jinsayn |
جِنْسَيْ jinsay |
Nominative | جِنْسَانِ jinsāni |
الْجِنْسَانِ al-jinsāni |
جِنْسَا jinsā |
Accusative | جِنْسَيْنِ jinsayni |
الْجِنْسَيْنِ al-jinsayni |
جِنْسَيْ jinsay |
Genitive | جِنْسَيْنِ jinsayni |
الْجِنْسَيْنِ al-jinsayni |
جِنْسَيْ jinsay |
Plural | basic broken plural triptote | ||
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | أَجْنَاس ʔajnās |
الْأَجْنَاس al-ʔajnās |
أَجْنَاس ʔajnās |
Nominative | أَجْنَاسٌ ʔajnāsun |
الْأَجْنَاسُ al-ʔajnāsu |
أَجْنَاسُ ʔajnāsu |
Accusative | أَجْنَاسًا ʔajnāsan |
الْأَجْنَاسَ al-ʔajnāsa |
أَجْنَاسَ ʔajnāsa |
Genitive | أَجْنَاسٍ ʔajnāsin |
الْأَجْنَاسِ al-ʔajnāsi |
أَجْنَاسِ ʔajnāsi |
Derived terms
- لَا النَّافِيَة لِلْجِنْس (lā n-nāfiya(t) liljins)
- اِسْم جِنْس (ism jins)
- اِسْم جِنْس إِفْرَادِيّ (ism jins ʔifrādiyy)
- اِسْمُ جِنْسٍ جَمْعِيٌّ (ismu jinsin jamʕiyyun)
- اَلْجَزَاءُ مِنْ جِنْسِ الْعَمَلِ (al-jazāʔu min jinsi l-ʕamali)
Related terms
Etymology 2
From the noun جِنْس (jins, “kind, sort”) and جِنْسِيَّة (jinsiyya, “nationality”).
Verb
جَنَّسَ • (jannasa) II, non-past يُجَنِّسُ (yujannisu)
- to make alike, to make similar
- to assimilate, to naturalize
- to class, to classify, to sort, to categorize
- to give nationality to
Conjugation
verbal noun الْمَصْدَر |
tajnīs | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل |
مُجَنِّس mujannis | |||||||||||
passive participle اِسْم الْمَفْعُول |
مُجَنَّس mujannas | |||||||||||
active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم | ||||||||||||
singular الْمُفْرَد |
dual الْمُثَنَّى |
plural الْجَمْع | ||||||||||
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب | |||||
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي |
m | jannastu |
jannasta |
jannasa |
جَنَّسْتُمَا jannastumā |
جَنَّسَا jannasā |
jannasnā |
jannastum |
jannasū | |||
f | jannasti |
jannasat |
جَنَّسَتَا jannasatā |
jannastunna |
jannasna | |||||||
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع |
m | ʔujannisu |
tujannisu |
yujannisu |
تُجَنِّسَانِ tujannisāni |
يُجَنِّسَانِ yujannisāni |
nujannisu |
tujannisūna |
yujannisūna | |||
f | tujannisīna |
tujannisu |
تُجَنِّسَانِ tujannisāni |
tujannisna |
yujannisna | |||||||
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب |
m | ʔujannisa |
tujannisa |
yujannisa |
تُجَنِّسَا tujannisā |
يُجَنِّسَا yujannisā |
nujannisa |
tujannisū |
yujannisū | |||
f | tujannisī |
tujannisa |
تُجَنِّسَا tujannisā |
tujannisna |
yujannisna | |||||||
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم |
m | ʔujannis |
tujannis |
yujannis |
تُجَنِّسَا tujannisā |
يُجَنِّسَا yujannisā |
nujannis |
tujannisū |
yujannisū | |||
f | tujannisī |
tujannis |
تُجَنِّسَا tujannisā |
tujannisna |
yujannisna | |||||||
imperative الْأَمْر |
m | jannis |
جَنِّسَا jannisā |
jannisū |
||||||||
f | jannisī |
jannisna | ||||||||||
passive voice الْفِعْل الْمَجْهُول | ||||||||||||
singular الْمُفْرَد |
dual الْمُثَنَّى |
plural الْجَمْع | ||||||||||
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب | |||||
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي |
m | junnistu |
junnista |
junnisa |
جُنِّسْتُمَا junnistumā |
جُنِّسَا junnisā |
junnisnā |
junnistum |
junnisū | |||
f | junnisti |
junnisat |
جُنِّسَتَا junnisatā |
junnistunna |
junnisna | |||||||
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع |
m | ʔujannasu |
tujannasu |
yujannasu |
تُجَنَّسَانِ tujannasāni |
يُجَنَّسَانِ yujannasāni |
nujannasu |
tujannasūna |
yujannasūna | |||
f | tujannasīna |
tujannasu |
تُجَنَّسَانِ tujannasāni |
tujannasna |
yujannasna | |||||||
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب |
m | ʔujannasa |
tujannasa |
yujannasa |
تُجَنَّسَا tujannasā |
يُجَنَّسَا yujannasā |
nujannasa |
tujannasū |
yujannasū | |||
f | tujannasī |
tujannasa |
تُجَنَّسَا tujannasā |
tujannasna |
yujannasna | |||||||
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم |
m | ʔujannas |
tujannas |
yujannas |
تُجَنَّسَا tujannasā |
يُجَنَّسَا yujannasā |
nujannas |
tujannasū |
yujannasū | |||
f | tujannasī |
tujannas |
تُجَنَّسَا tujannasā |
tujannasna |
yujannasna |
Persian
Pronunciation
- (Classical Persian) IPA(key): [d͡ʒins]
- (Dari, formal) IPA(key): [d͡ʒɪns]
- (Kabuli) IPA(key): [d͡ʒɪns]
- (Hazaragi) IPA(key): [d͡ʒins]
- (Iran, formal) IPA(key): [d͡ʒens]
- (Tajik, formal) IPA(key): [d͡ʒins]
Readings | |
---|---|
Classical reading? | jins |
Dari reading? | jins |
Iranian reading? | jens |
Tajik reading? | jins |
Noun
جنس • (jens) (plural اجناس (ajnâs) or جنسها (jens-hâ))
- kind, sort
- (biology) gender, sex
- جنس ماده ― jens-e mâde ― female sex/gender
- جنس مونث ― jens-e mo'annas ― female sex/gender
- جنس نر ― jens-e nar ― male sex/gender
- جنس مذکر ― jens-e mozakkar ― male sex/gender
- (biology) genus
- Synonym: سرده (sarde)
- (grammar) gender
- جنس اسمها ― jens-e esm-hâ ― the gender of nouns
- (logic) genus
- (figurative) race, kind
- جنس بشر ― jens-e bašar ― the human race; humankind
- c. 1911, Mohammad Hossein Âğuli Torki-ye Shirâzi, دیوان ترکی شیرازی:
- همچو من، سوخته جانی به همه عالم نیست
می توان گفت که در جنس بنی آدم نیست- hamču man, suxte jâni be hame âlam nist
mi-tavân goft ke dar jens-e bani âdam nist - There is no burnt soul like me in the entire world;
You can say that I am not of the human race.
- hamču man, suxte jâni be hame âlam nist
- (music) jins (set of stepwise pitches in Islamic music theory)
- (biology) gender, sex
- nature, intrinsic quality
- A generic noun:
- goods, commodities, merchandise
- Synonym: کالا (kâlâ)
- قیمت اجناس ― qeymat-e ajnâs ― price of goods
- (especially Dari) thing (in general)
- Synonym: چیز (čiz)
- goods, commodities, merchandise
Usage notes
- In liberal feminist circles, جنسیت (jensiyat) may be equivalent to "gender" and جنس (jens) to "biological sex", but many speakers do not make the distinction.
South Levantine Arabic
Root |
---|
ج ن س |
3 terms |
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ʒins/, [ʒɪns]
Audio (Ramallah) (file)