נפש
Hebrew
| Root |
|---|
| נ־פ־שׁ (n-p-š) |
Etymology 1
From Proto-Semitic *napš-. Compare Akkadian 𒆒 (napāšum, “to breathe”), 𒍣 (napištum, “life”), Arabic نَفْس (nafs, “a soul, a life”), and Ge'ez ነፍስ (näfs).
Noun
נֶפֶשׁ • (néfesh) f (plural indefinite נְפָשׁוֹת, singular construct נֶפֶשׁ־, plural construct נַפְשׁוֹת־) [pattern: קֶטֶל]
- a soul, psyche (spirit of a person or animal)
- life (the state of being alive, of living)
- Tanach, Genesis 9:5, with translation of the Jewish Publication Society:
- וּמִיַּד הָאָדָם מִיַּד אִישׁ אָחִיו אֶדְרֹשׁ אֶת־נֶפֶשׁ הָאָדָם
- umiyád haadám miyád ísh achív edrósh et-néfesh haadám
- and at the hand of man, even at the hand of every man's brother, will I require the life of man
- a person (human being)
- Tanach, Genesis 36:6, with translation of the Jewish Publication Society:
- וַיִּקַּח עֵשָׂו אֶת־נָשָׁיו וְאֶת־בָּנָיו וְאֶת־בְּנֹתָיו וְאֶת־כָּל־נַפְשׁוֹת בֵּיתוֹ וְאֶת־מִקְנֵהוּ וְאֶת־כָּל־בְּהֶמְתּוֹ וְאֵת כָּל־קִנְיָנוֹ
- vayikákh esáv et-nasháv v'et-banáv v'et-b'notáv v'et-kol-nafshót betó v'et-miknéhu v'et-kol-b'hemtó v'ét kol-kinyanó
- And Esau took his wives, and his sons, and his daughters, and all the souls of his house, and his cattle, and all his beasts, and all his possessions
- Tanach, Leviticus 21:1, with translation of the Jewish Publication Society:
- לְנֶפֶשׁ לֹא־יִטַּמָּא בְּעַמָּיו
- l'néfesh lo-yitamá b'amáv
- There shall none defile himself for the dead among his people
- will (intent, volition)
- Tanach, Genesis 23:8, with translation of the Jewish Publication Society:
- אִם־יֵשׁ אֶת־נַפְשְׁכֶם לִקְבֹּר אֶת־מֵתִי מִלְּפָנַי
- im-yésh et-nafsh'chém likbór et-metí mil'fanáy
- If it be your mind that I should bury my dead out of my sight
- (dated) breath
- Tanach, Job 41:13, with translation of the New International Version:
- נַפְשׁוֹ גֶּחָלִים תְּלַהֵט וְלַהַב מִפִּיו יֵצֵא׃
- Its breath sets coals ablaze, and flames dart from its mouth.
Declension
Declension of נֶפֶשׁ
| Number | Isolated forms | With possessive pronouns | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| State | Form | Person | singular | plural | |||
| m. | f. | m. | f. | ||||
| singular | indefinite | נֶפֶשׁ | first | נַפְשִׁי | נַפְשֵׁנוּ | ||
| definite | הַנֶּפֶשׁ | second | נַפְשְׁךָ | נַפְשֵׁךְ | נַפְשְׁכֶם | נַפְשְׁכֶן | |
| construct | נֶפֶשׁ־ | third | נַפְשׁוֹ | נַפְשָׁהּ | נַפְשָׁם | נַפְשָׁן | |
| plural | indefinite | נְפָשׁוֹת | first | נפשותיי / נַפְשׁוֹתַי | נַפְשׁוֹתֵינוּ | ||
| definite | הַנְּפָשׁוֹת | second | נַפְשׁוֹתֶיךָ | נפשותייך / נַפְשׁוֹתַיִךְ | נַפְשׁוֹתֵיכֶם | נַפְשׁוֹתֵיכֶן | |
| construct | נַפְשׁוֹת־ | third | נַפְשׁוֹתָיו | נַפְשׁוֹתֶיהָ | נַפְשׁוֹתָם | נַפְשׁוֹתָן | |
Derived terms
- (will): מה נפשך
- (life): שם נפשו בכפו
- מַחֲלַת נֶפֶשׁ (makhalát néfesh)
- פיקוח נפש / פִּקּוּחַ נֶפֶשׁ (pikúakh néfesh)
- אַהֲבַת נֶפֶשׁ (ahavát néfesh)
- בְּלֵב וָנֶפֶשׁ (b'lev vanéfesh)
Descendants
- English: nephesh
Further reading
Conjugation
Conjugation of נָפַשׁ (see also Appendix:Hebrew verbs)
| non-finite forms |
| ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| finite forms | singular | plural | |||
| m. | f. | m. | f. | ||
| past | first | נָפַשְׁתִּי | נָפַשְׁנוּ | ||
| second | נָפַשְׁתָּ | נָפַשְׁתְּ | נְפַשְׁתֶּם1 | נְפַשְׁתֶּן1 | |
| third | נָפַשׁ | נָפְשָׁה | נָפְשׁוּ | ||
| present | נוֹפֵשׁ | נוֹפֶשֶׁת | נוֹפְשִׁים | נוֹפְשׁוֹת | |
| future | first | אנפוש / אֶנְפֹּשׁ | ננפוש / נִנְפֹּשׁ | ||
| second | תנפוש / תִּנְפֹּשׁ | תִּנְפְּשִׁי | תִּנְפְּשׁוּ | תנפושנה / תִּנְפֹּשְׁנָה2 | |
| third | ינפוש / יִנְפֹּשׁ | תנפוש / תִּנְפֹּשׁ | יִנְפְּשׁוּ | תנפושנה / תִּנְפֹּשְׁנָה2 | |
| imperative | נפוש / נְפֹשׁ | נִפְשִׁי | נִפְשׁוּ | נפושנה / נְפֹשְׁנָה2 | |
| notes |
| ||||
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