φάρμακον
Ancient Greek
Etymology
Unclear etymology, but most likely derived from Proto-Hellenic *pʰármakon. Cognate with Mycenaean Greek 𐀞𐀔𐀒 (pa-ma-ko /pʰármakon/).
Pokorny (1959) connects it to the Greek root φαρ- as in φάρος (pháros, “plough”) and φάρυγξ (phárunx, “throat”), from a Proto-Indo-European *bʰer- (“to cut, pierce, scrape”), i.e., a medicinal herb or root as something cut off or dug up, cognate with Proto-Germanic *burōną (“to drill”) – result of a conflation with *bazją (“berry”) – and Latin feriō (“hit, cut, slay, strike”). Compare furthermore Latvian burt (“to carve (marks, on a tree), to conjure magic”).
A Pre-Greek etymology has been proposed by R. S. P. Beekes.
Pronunciation
- (5th BCE Attic) IPA(key): /pʰár.ma.kon/
- (1st CE Egyptian) IPA(key): /ˈpʰar.ma.kon/
- (4th CE Koine) IPA(key): /ˈɸar.ma.kon/
- (10th CE Byzantine) IPA(key): /ˈfar.ma.kon/
- (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA(key): /ˈfar.ma.kon/
Noun
φάρμᾰκον • (phármakon) n (genitive φαρμᾰ́κου); second declension
- A drug, whether healing or noxious
- A healing drug, medicine, remedy
- 46 CE – 120 CE, Plutarch, Moralia :
- τῶν δὲ τῆς ψυχῆς ἀρρωστημάτων καὶ παθῶν ἡ φιλοσοφία μόνη φάρμακόν ἐστι.
- tôn dè tês psukhês arrhōstēmátōn kaì pathôn hē philosophía mónē phármakón esti.
- but for the soul's illnesses and sufferings, the only remedy is philosophy. (@perseus.tuftus.edu)
- τῶν δὲ τῆς ψυχῆς ἀρρωστημάτων καὶ παθῶν ἡ φιλοσοφία μόνη φάρμακόν ἐστι.
- A potion, charm, spell
- A deadly drug, poison
- A dye, color
Declension
Case / # | Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | τὸ φάρμᾰκον tò phármakon |
τὼ φαρμᾰ́κω tṑ pharmákō |
τᾰ̀ φάρμᾰκᾰ tà phármaka | ||||||||||
Genitive | τοῦ φαρμᾰ́κου toû pharmákou |
τοῖν φαρμᾰ́κοιν toîn pharmákoin |
τῶν φαρμᾰ́κων tôn pharmákōn | ||||||||||
Dative | τῷ φαρμᾰ́κῳ tôi pharmákōi |
τοῖν φαρμᾰ́κοιν toîn pharmákoin |
τοῖς φαρμᾰ́κοις toîs pharmákois | ||||||||||
Accusative | τὸ φάρμᾰκον tò phármakon |
τὼ φαρμᾰ́κω tṑ pharmákō |
τᾰ̀ φάρμᾰκᾰ tà phármaka | ||||||||||
Vocative | φάρμᾰκον phármakon |
φαρμᾰ́κω pharmákō |
φάρμᾰκᾰ phármaka | ||||||||||
Notes: |
|
Derived terms
- φαρμακάω (pharmakáō)
- φαρμακεία (pharmakeía)
- φαρμακεύς (pharmakeús)
- φαρμακευτικός (pharmakeutikós)
- φαρμακεύω (pharmakeúō)
- φαρμάκιον (pharmákion)
- φαρμακίς (pharmakís)
- φαρμακοθήκη (pharmakothḗkē)
- φαρμακοποσία (pharmakoposía)
- φαρμακοπώλης (pharmakopṓlēs)
- φαρμακός (pharmakós)
- φαρμακοτρίβης (pharmakotríbēs)
- φαρμακοφόρος (pharmakophóros)
- φαρμακόω (pharmakóō)
- φαρμακώδης (pharmakṓdēs)
- φάρμαξις (phármaxis)
- φαρμάσσω (pharmássō)
- τετραφάρμακον (tetraphármakon)
Further reading
- “φάρμακον”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
- “φάρμακον”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
- φάρμακον in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
- φάρμακον in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
- “φάρμακον”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
- alchemy idem, page 22.
- antidote idem, page 32.
- balm idem, page 60.
- bane idem, page 61.
- charm idem, page 126.
- colour idem, page 143.
- cure idem, page 190.
- dose idem, page 247.
- drug idem, page 254.
- enchantment idem, page 270.
- fascination idem, page 308.
- lotion idem, page 501.
- magic idem, page 507.
- medicine idem, page 521.
- narcotic idem, page 550.
- opiate idem, page 576.
- paint idem, page 589.
- palliative idem, page 590.
- physic idem, page 610.
- pigment idem, page 612.
- poison idem, page 624.
- potion idem, page 629.
- remedy idem, page 692.
- restorative idem, page 705.
- salve idem, page 732.
- soporific idem, page 794.
- spell idem, page 801.
- venom idem, page 947.
- weed idem, page 972.
- “φάρμακον”, in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
- Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1554
- “φάρμακον”, in ΛΟΓΕΙΟΝ [Logeion] (in English, French, Spanish, German, Dutch and Chinese), University of Chicago, 2011
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