Zizania latifolia
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Clade: Commelinids
Order: Poales
Family: Poaceae
Genus: Zizania
Species:
Z. latifolia
Binomial name
Zizania latifolia
Synonyms[3][4]
  • Hydropyrum latifolium Griseb.
  • Limnochloa caduciflora Turcz. ex Trin.
  • Zizania caduciflora Hand.-Mazz.
  • Zizania dahurica Turcz. ex Steud.
  • Zizania latifolia (Griseb.) Turcz. ex Stapf
  • Zizania latifolia Turcz.
  • Zizania mezii Prodoehl

Zizania latifolia, known as Manchurian wild rice[5] (Chinese: 菰; pinyin: gū), is the only member of the wild rice genus Zizania native to Asia. It is used as a food plant. Both the stem and grain are edible. Gathered in the wild, Manchurian wild rice was an important grain in ancient China.[6]: 165  A wetland plant, Manchurian wild rice is now very rare in the wild, and its use as a grain has completely disappeared in Asia, though it continues to be cultivated for its stems.[6]: 165  A measure of its former popularity is that the surname Jiǎng (simplified Chinese: 蒋; traditional Chinese: 蔣), one of the most common in China, derives from this crop.

Cultivation

Vegetables: Zizania latifolia stems peeled and unpeeled.

Zizania latifolia is grown as an agricultural crop across Asia. The success of the crop depends on the smut fungus Ustilago esculenta. The grass is not grown for its grain, as are other wild rice species, but for the stems, which swell into juicy galls when infected with the smut. When the fungus invades the host plant it causes it to hypertrophy; its cells increasing in size and number. Infection with U. esculenta prevents the plant from flowering and setting seed so the crop is propagated asexually, by rhizome. New sprouts are infected by spores in the environment, which is generally a paddy.[7] The galled stems are harvested as a vegetable known as jiaobai (Chinese: 茭白; pinyin: jiāobái) in China.[8] Its Japanese name is makomotake.[9] The galled section of the stem is 3 to 4 centimeters (1.2 to 1.6 in) wide and up to 20 centimeters (10 in) long. This vegetable has been grown for at least 400 years.[10] It is popular for its flavor and tender texture,[11] and it is eaten raw or cooked. Its taste resembles fresh bamboo shoots. It stays crisp when stir-fried.[12] The main harvesting season is between September and November. This is typhoon season in parts of Asia, a time when many other vegetables are unavailable. This makes the product more attractive to consumers.

Zizania latifolia in cultivation in Flushing, NY
Zizania latifolia in cultivation in Flushing, NY

Invasive species

It has been accidentally introduced into the wild in New Zealand and is considered an invasive species there.[13] It has been introduced into Hawaii.

Importation of the stems to the United States is prohibited in order to protect the North American wild rice species from the fungus.[14]

Research

This wild rice can be crossed with ordinary rice by protoplast fusion. Manual "repeated pollination", a different approach, produces fertile offspring with ~0.1% wild rice DNA.[15]

The genome of the species was initially sequenced in 2015. In 2022, a new sequencing project produced a chromosome-level (2n=2x=34) assembly.[16]

References

  1. ↑ Hance, Henry Fletcher (1872). "On a Chinese culinary vegetable". Journal of Botany, British and Foreign. 10: 146–149.
  2. ↑ Von Mueller, Ferdinand Jacob Heinrich (1872). "Selected plants (exclusive of timber trees) readily eligible for Victorian industrial culture, with indications of their native countries and some of their uses". Proceedings of the Zoological and Acclimatisation Society of Victoria, and Report of the Annual Meeting of the Society. 1: 249–428.
  3. ↑ "Zizania latifolia (Griseb.) Hance ex F.Muell". Plants of the World Online. Kew Science. Retrieved 2021-04-24.
  4. ↑ Terrell, E. E.; Batra, L. R. (July 1982). "Zizania latifolia and Ustilago esculenta, a grass-fungus association". Economic Botany. 36 (3): 274–285. doi:10.1007/BF02858549. S2CID 9723846.
  5. ↑ BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
  6. 1 2 Simoons, Frederick J. (1991). Food in China: a cultural and historical inquiry. CRC Press. p. 559. ISBN 978-0-8493-8804-0.
  7. ↑ Chung, K. R. and D. D. Tzeng. (2004). Biosynthesis of indole-3-acetic acid by the gall-inducing fungus Ustilago esculenta. Archived March 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine Journal of Biological Sciences 4(6) 744–50.
  8. ↑ Zhang, Jing-Ze; Chu, Fu-Qiang; Guo, De-Ping; Hyde, Kevin D.; Xie, Guang-Lin (1 May 2012). "Cytology and ultrastructure of interactions between Ustilago esculenta and Zizania latifolia". Mycological Progress. 11 (2): 499–508. doi:10.1007/s11557-011-0765-y. S2CID 9330359. ProQuest 992863985.
  9. ↑ Kawagishi, Hirokazu; Hota, Kuniyoshi; Masuda, Kikuko; Yamaguchi, Kohji; Yazawa, Kazunaga; Shibata, Kanako; Uzuka, Naoaki; Matahira, Yoshiharu (23 November 2006). "Osteoclast-forming suppressive compounds from makomotake, Zizania latifolia infected with Ustilago esculenta". Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. 70 (11): 2800–2802. doi:10.1271/bbb.60376. PMID 17090930. S2CID 7518159.
  10. ↑ Oritani, Y., et al. Manchurian wild rice (Zizania latifolia) infected with Ustilago esculenta stimulates innate immune system, via induction of human β-defensin-2. ISHS Acta Horticulturae 841: II International Symposium on Human Health Effects of Fruits and Vegetables: FAVHEALTH 2007.
  11. ↑ You, Wenyu; Liu, Qian; Zou, Keqin; Yu, Xiaoping; Cui, Haifeng; Ye, Zihong (January 2011). "Morphological and molecular differences in two strains of Ustilago esculenta". Current Microbiology. 62 (1): 44–54. doi:10.1007/s00284-010-9673-7. PMID 20495805. S2CID 12174258.
  12. ↑ Yamaguchi, M. 1990. Asian Vegetables. pp. 387–390. In: Janick, J. and J. E. Simon, Eds. Advances in New Crops. Timber Press, Portland, OR.
  13. ↑ NIWA: Stopping the freshwater wild rice invader
  14. ↑ "Ustilago esculenta". December 2017.
  15. ↑ Wang, Yong-Ming; Dong, Zhen-Ying; Zhang, Zhong-Juan; Lin, Xiu-Yun; Shen, Ye; Zhou, Daowei; Liu, Bao (August 2005). "Extensive de Novo Genomic Variation in Rice Induced by Introgression From Wild Rice (Zizania latifolia Griseb.)". Genetics. 170 (4): 1945–1956. doi:10.1534/genetics.105.040964. PMC 1449789. PMID 15937131.
  16. ↑ Yan, Ning; Yang, Ting; Yu, Xiu-Ting; Shang, Lian-Guang; Guo, De-Ping; Zhang, Yu; Meng, Lin; Qi, Qian-Qian; Li, Ya-Li; Du, Yong-Mei; Liu, Xin-Min; Yuan, Xiao-Long; Qin, Peng; Qiu, Jie; Qian, Qian; Zhang, Zhong-Feng (11 January 2022). "Chromosome-level genome assembly of Zizania latifolia provides insights into its seed shattering and phytocassane biosynthesis". Communications Biology. 5 (1): 36. doi:10.1038/s42003-021-02993-3. PMC 8752815. PMID 35017643. S2CID 245857447.
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