Zbyszek Darzynkiewicz
Born
Zbigniew Dierżykraj Darżynkiewicz

May 12, 1936
Dzisna (Wilno Voivodeship), Poland
DiedFebruary 28, 2021
CitizenshipAmerican (naturalized 1976)
Alma materMedical University of Warsaw, Poland
Known forThe development of cytometry methods for single-cell analysis; the TUNEL assay
SpouseElizabeth T. Darzynkiewicz
ChildrenRichard B. Darzynkiewicz, Robert J. Darzynkiewicz
AwardsDistinguished Service Award, International Society for Analytical Cytology (ISAC), Officer's Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland
Scientific career
ThesisStudies of the Mechanism of Teratogenic Action of Insulin on Chicken Embryo. (1966)
Academic advisorsKazimierz Ostrowski

Zbigniew (Zbyszek) Darzynkiewicz (ORCID 0000-0002-2040-7081) (Polish pronunciation: [zbiɡ.ɲɛf daʐɨŋkʲɛvit͡ʂ]; born May 12, 1936, in Dzisna, Wilno Voivodeship, Poland[1] – died February 28, 2021)[2] was a Polish-American cell biologist active in cancer research and in developing new methods in histochemistry for flow cytometry.[3][4][5][6]

Early life and education

From 1945 to 1949, Darzynkiewicz attended a primary school in Dzierżoniów, Poland. He spent his high school years (1949–1953) in Skarżysko-Kamienna, Poland. His application to the University of Warsaw's Department of Physics was denied by the communist Social Justice Committee, who viewed him as a "enemy of the people." However, following the intervention of Regina Uszyńska, his high school principal, Darzynkiewicz was permitted to submit an application to the Medical University of Warsaw in the fall of 1953.[7][8]

He earned his M.D. from the Medical University of Warsaw, Poland (1953–1960). From 1962 to 1965, he was a predoctoral fellow at the Department of Histology, Medical University of Warsaw. From 1965 to 1966, he was a visiting scientist at the Department of Pharmacology, the State University of New York at Buffalo. During and shortly after this period, he published his first manuscripts in Nature[9][10][11][12] and Science[13] journals. In 1966, the Faculty Council of the Medical University of Warsaw granted him the degree of Doctor of Medical Sciences (equivalent to a Ph.D.).

Emigration to the United States

One month after the Soviet Union-led Warsaw Pact troops invaded Czechoslovakia in September 1968, Darzynkiewicz left Poland for Sweden on a tourist visa, refused to return, and soon after applied for an immigration visa to the United States.[7] He arrived in the United States in 1969.

Career

From September 1968 to September 1969, Darzynkiewicz was a visiting scientist at the Laboratory of Cell Research, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden, working under the supervision of Nils R. Ringertz.[1][3][14][5] In Ringertz's laboratory, Darzynkiewicz met Endre A. Balazs, who offered him a research position in the United States.[14] From 1969 to 1974, Darzynkiewicz worked as a staff scientist at the Department of Connective Tissue Research, Boston Biomedical Research Institute in Boston, MA. From March 1974 to December 1975, he was Research Associate at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY. From January 1976 to March 1978, he was an assistant professor, from June 1978 to June 1988, an associate professor, and finally, from July 1988 to September 1990, a full professor at Cornell University, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY. From January 1986 to September 1990, he was the Head of the Laboratory of Experimental Cell Research, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center.

In October 1990, Darzynkiewicz became a professor of medicine at New York Medical College – a member of the Touro College and University System,[15][16] Valhalla, NY, and the director of the Brander Cancer Research Institute, New York Medical College. From 1991 he also served as a professor of Microbiology and Immunology and Professor of Pathology at New York Medical College.[1][7][17]

Since 1972, the National Institutes of Health, including the prestigious MERIT award, have provided continuous funding for his research. In addition to receiving a NASA grant to develop cell analysis technologies applicable to the microgravity conditions of the International Space Station, his research was also supported by a number of private cancer research foundations.[17]

Darzynkiewicz has published over 780 peer-reviewed articles,[18] has edited, co-edited, and co-authored 15 books, and was granted eight US patents.[19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26] As of October 2022, his 1992 manuscript entitled "Features of apoptotic cells measured by flow cytometry," published in Cytometry Part A has been cited over 1800 times.[27][28]

He served as the president of the Cell Cycle Society (1986-1987) and the president of the International Society for Advancement of Cytometry (1993–1994).[29] He was the Editor-in-Chief of the Open Medicine,[30] a co-founder and an Associate Editor of Cytometry Part A,[31] and an Editor of Current Protocols in Cytometry.

Research interests

Darzynkiewicz's research centered on cell biology, with an emphasis on cancer cell growth and the regulatory mechanisms associated with cell growth and cell cycle progression. The most significant scientific contribution made by Darzynkiewicz is his discovery that the process of cell death is equally as significant as the cell cycle, thereby connecting conceptually and methodologically apoptosis to cell division.[3][28] Darzynkiewicz is also recognized for developing the TUNEL assay (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling), which continues to be one of the most popular methods for measuring apoptosis.[32] He also contributed significantly to the investigation of mechanisms of cell death induced by tumor necrosis factor (TNF).[3] The connection between cell death and cell cycle progression has led Darzynkiewicz and his collaborators to further studies on the cell cycle-dependent effect of anticancer drugs and the death of cells during specific phases of the cell cycle caused by topoisomerase inhibitors and lovastatin.[33][6]

Selected notable peer-reviewed papers

  • Darzynkiewicz, Z. (2020). 40 years of my venture with cytometry. Cytometry Part A, 97(6), 557–562. https://doi.org/10.1002/cyto.a.24043
  • Darzynkiewicz, Z., Bruno, S., Del Bino, G., Gorczyca, W., Hotz, M. A., Lassota, P., & Traganos, F. (1992). Features of apoptotic cells measured by flow cytometry. Cytometry, 13(8), 795–808. https://doi.org/10.1002/cyto.990130802
  • Darzynkiewicz, Z., Juan, G., Li, X., Gorczyca, W., Murakami, T., & Traganos, F. (1997). Cytometry in cell necrobiology: Analysis of apoptosis and accidental cell death (necrosis). Cytometry, 27(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10/bdr2fz
  • Evenson, D. P., Darzynkiewicz, Z., & Melamed, M. R. (1980). Relation of mammalian sperm chromatin heterogeneity to fertility. Science, 210(4474), 1131–1133. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.7444440
  • Gong, J. P., Traganos, F., & Darzynkiewicz, Z. (1994). A selective procedure for DNA extraction from apoptotic cells applicable for gel electrophoresis and flow cytometry. Analytical Biochemistry, 218(2), 314–319. https://doi.org/10.1006/abio.1994.1184
  • Gorczyca, W., Gong, J., & Darzynkiewicz, Z. (1993). Detection of DNA strand breaks in individual apoptotic cells by the in situ terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase and nick translation assays. Cancer Research, 53(8), 1945–1951.
  • Gorczyca, W., Traganos, F., Jesionowska, H., & Darzynkiewicz, Z. (1993). Presence of DNA strand breaks and increased sensitivity of DNA in situ to denaturation in abnormal human sperm cells: Analogy to apoptosis of somatic cells. Experimental Cell Research, 207(1), 202–205. https://doi.org/10.1006/excr.1993.1182
  • Pozarowski, P., & Darzynkiewicz, Z. (2004). Analysis of cell cycle by flow cytometry. In A. H. Schönthal (Ed.), Checkpoint Controls and Cancer: Volume 2: Activation and Regulation Protocols (pp. 301–311). Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-811-0:30

Honors

His professional affiliations include member (foreign) of the Polish Academy of Sciences[34] and of the Polish Academy of Learning.[35]

Darzynkiewicz was the recipient of an honorary degree from the Medical University of Warsaw in Poland,[36][7] the Maria Skłodowska-Curie Award from the Jozef Pilsudski Institute in America,[37] and the Casimir Funk Award from the Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences of America.[38]

In 2002 he received Distinguished Service Award from the International Society for Analytical Cytology (ISAC). In 2009 he became a Fellow of the College of American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering (AIMBE) in recognition for "developing and applying techniques to assess the cell cycle, cell kinetics, cellular apoptosis, tumor response, and progression."[39]

Interactions with Poland

Darzynkiewicz was a founding member of the Kosciuszko Foundation Collegium of Eminent Scientists of Polish Origin and Ancestry,[40] and a trustee of the Kosciuszko Foundation.[41] From 1986 to 1999, he was an advisory board member of The Alfred Jurzykowski Foundation, which annually awarded the Jurzykowski Prize.[42] In 1995 He was a recipient of the Officer's Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland.[43]

Zbigniew Darzynkiewicz publications indexed by Google Scholar.

Zbigniew Darzynkiewicz publications indexed by the Scopus bibliographic database. (subscription required)

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Zbigniew Darzynkiewicz Home Page".
  2. ↑ "Kosciuszko Foundation - American Center of Polish culture - In Memoriam Dr. Darzynkiewicz". www.thekf.org. Retrieved 2021-04-28.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Demidenko, Zoya N.; Studzinski, George P.; Blagosklonny, Mikhail V. (2004-05-01). "From Cytometry to Cell Cycle—A Portrait of Zbigniew Darzynkiewicz". Cell Cycle. 3 (5): 523–526. doi:10.4161/cc.3.5.866. ISSN 1538-4101. S2CID 33787777.
  4. ↑ "Cytometry in Service of Cell Biology and Cancer Research". Purdue Cytometry Volume 10. Retrieved 17 July 2017.
  5. 1 2 Cram, L. Scott; Dobrucki, Jurek W.; Holden, Elena; Jacobberger, James W.; Robinson, J. Paul; Smith, Paul J.; Staiano‐Coico, Lisa; Tarnok, Attila (June 2021). "In memoriam professor Zbigniew Darzynkiewicz ‐ Cytometry pathfinder 1936–2021". Cytometry Part A. 99 (6): 550–556. doi:10.1002/cyto.a.24357. ISSN 1552-4922. S2CID 234360832.
  6. 1 2 Darzynkiewicz, Zbigniew (June 2020). "40 Years of My Venture with CYTOMETRY". Cytometry Part A. 97 (6): 557–562. doi:10.1002/cyto.a.24043. ISSN 1552-4922. PMID 32511890. S2CID 219550929.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  7. 1 2 3 4 Skrzypek, Ewa (2016). Poczet doktorów honoris causa (PDF) (in Polish) (2nd ed.). Warsaw, Poland: Rektor Warszawskiego Uniwersytetu Medycznego. p. 387. ISBN 978-83-7637-383-6.
  8. ↑ Darżynkiewicz, Zbigniew (2014). "Wystąpienie prof. Zbigniewa Darżynkiewicza podczas ceremonii otrzymania godności doktora honoris causa Warszawskiego Uniwersytetu Medycznego". Medycyna Dydaktyka Wychowanie. Warszawski Uniwersytet Medyczny (published June 2014). XLVI: 3. ISSN 0137-6543.
  9. ↑ Darzynkiewicz, Zbigniew; Krassowski, Tadeusz; Skopińska, Ewa (1965). "Effect of Phytohaemagglutinin on Synthesis of 'Rapidly-labelled' Ribonucleic Acid in Human Lymphocytes". Nature (published September 1965). 207 (5004): 1402–1403. Bibcode:1965Natur.207.1402D. doi:10.1038/2071402a0. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 5886053. S2CID 26980930.
  10. ↑ Rogers, A. W.; Darżynkiewicz, Z.; Barnard, E. A.; Salpeter, M. M. (1966). "Number and Location of Acetylcholinesterase Molecules at Motor Endplates of the Mouse". Nature (published June 1966). 210 (5040): 1003–1006. Bibcode:1966Natur.210.1003R. doi:10.1038/2101003a0. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 5914885. S2CID 4264243.
  11. ↑ Darżynkiewicz, Z.; Barnard, E. A. (1967). "Specific Proteases of the Rat Mast Cell". Nature (published March 1967). 213 (5082): 1198–1202. Bibcode:1967Natur.213.1198D. doi:10.1038/2131198a0. ISSN 1476-4687. S2CID 4147097.
  12. ↑ Darżynkiewicz, Zbigniew; Dokov, Viktor K.; Pieńkowski, Marek (1967). "Dry Mass of Lymphocytes during Transformation after Stimulation by Phytohaemagglutinin". Nature (published June 1967). 214 (5094): 1265–1266. Bibcode:1967Natur.214.1265D. doi:10.1038/2141265a0. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 4864010. S2CID 4169702.
  13. ↑ Darzynkiewicz, Zbigniew; Rogers, Andrew W.; Barnard, Eric A.; Wang, Dau-Hsi; Werkheiser, William C. (1966-03-25). "Autoradiography with Tritiated Methotrexate and the Cellular Distribution of Folate Reductase". Science. 151 (3717): 1528–1530. Bibcode:1966Sci...151.1528D. doi:10.1126/science.151.3717.1528. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 5909582. S2CID 10925130.
  14. 1 2 Darzynkiewicz, Zbigniew (2002-07-01). "Tribute to Nils R. Ringertz (1932-2002): Personal Memories". Cell Cycle. 1 (4): 230. doi:10.4161/cc.1.4.406. ISSN 1538-4101. S2CID 85395565.
  15. ↑ "Zbigniew Darzynkiewicz, M.D., Ph.D. : New York Medical College | Touro College". New York Medical College. Retrieved 2017-07-15.
  16. ↑ "Brander Cancer Research Institute : New York Medical College | Touro College". New York Medical College. Retrieved 2017-07-15.
  17. 1 2 Prater, Alicia M. (2012). "An expert probing for answers". Chironian. Valhalla, NY: New York Medical College Office of Public Relations. Spring/Summer: 2–5.
  18. ↑ Zbyszek Darzynkiewicz publications indexed by Google Scholar
  19. ↑ US4559309A, Evenson, Donald P. & Darzynkiewicz, Zbigniew, "Flow cytometry-fluorescence measurements for characterizing sperm", issued 1985-12-17
  20. ↑ US4801550A, Kapuscinski, Jan & Darzynkiewicz, Zbigniew, "Method for separating and analyzing nucleic acids", issued 1989-01-31
  21. ↑ US5747258A, Darzynkiewicz, Zbigniew D.; Li, Xun & Traganos, Frank N. et al., "Detection of halogenated precursors incorporated into DNA", issued 1998-05-05
  22. ↑ US5912126A, Darzynkiewicz, Zbigniew; Li, Xun & Traganos, Frank, "Methods for labeling DNA ends with halogenated nucleotides and detecting same with antibodies", issued 1999-06-15
  23. ↑ US6417343B1, Darzynkiewicz, Zbigniew; Traganos, Frank & Juan, Gloria, "Physical separation of nucleic acids by antibodies to halogenated nucleotides", issued 2002-07-09
  24. ↑ US6821740B2, Darzynkiewicz, Zbigniew; Traganos, Frank & Juan, Gloria et al., "Flow cytometric methods for the concurrent detection of discrete functional conformations of PRB in single cells", issued 2004-11-23
  25. ↑ US7070943B2, Darzynkiewicz, Zbigniew; Traganos, Frank & Juan, Gloria et al., "Detection of protein conformations in single cells", issued 2006-07-04
  26. ↑ US7662565B2, Albino, Anthony P.; Jorgensen, Ellen D. & Traganos, Frank et al., "Approaches to identify less harmful tobacco and tobacco products", issued 2010-02-16
  27. ↑ "Citation Network In Web of Science Core Collection". Clarivate.
  28. 1 2 Darzynkiewicz, Z.; Bruno, S.; Del Bino, G.; Gorczyca, W.; Hotz, M. A.; Lassota, P.; Traganos, F. (1992). "Features of apoptotic cells measured by flow cytometry". Cytometry. 13 (8): 795–808. doi:10.1002/cyto.990130802. ISSN 0196-4763. PMID 1333943.
  29. ↑ "Our History". Advancing Cytometry for Over Four Decades.
  30. ↑ "Open Medicine". De Gruyter.
  31. ↑ Tárnok, Attila (April 2021). "Zbigniew (Zbyszek) Darzynkiewicz 1936–2021". Cytometry Part A. 99 (4): 310. doi:10.1002/cyto.a.24337. ISSN 1552-4922. S2CID 232302276.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  32. ↑ Gorczyca, Wojciech; Traganos, Frank; Jesionowska, Hanna; Darzynkiewicz, Zbigniew (1993-07-01). "Presence of DNA Strand Breaks and Increased Sensitivity of DNA in Situ to Denaturation in Abnormal Human Sperm Cells: Analogy to Apoptosis of Somatic Cells". Experimental Cell Research. 207 (1): 202–205. doi:10.1006/excr.1993.1182. ISSN 0014-4827. PMID 8391465.
  33. ↑ Demidenko, ZN; Studzinski, GP; Blagosklonny, MV (May 2004). "From cytometry to cell cycle: a portrait of Zbigniew Darzynkiewicz" (PDF). Cell Cycle. 3 (5): 525–8. doi:10.4161/cc.3.5.866. PMID 15107608.
  34. ↑ "Członkowie Polskiej Akademii Nauk" [Members of the Polish Academy of Sciences] (in Polish). Retrieved 15 July 2017.
  35. ↑ "Polska Akademia Umiejętności - Członkowie Wydziału V Lekarskiego". Polska Akademia Umiejętności. Retrieved 2017-07-15.
  36. ↑ "Doktorzy Honoris Causa, Universytet Warszawski". Retrieved Oct 1, 2022.
  37. ↑ The Campaign for the Future (PDF) (Report). The Jozef Pilsudski Institute of America. 2014. p. 3.
  38. ↑ "PIASA Prominent Members - Past And Present". Piasa.org. Retrieved 2017-07-16.
  39. ↑ "Zbigniew Darzynkiewicz, M.D., Ph.D. COF-1162". AIMBE. Retrieved 2017-07-15. For developing and applying techniques to assess the cell cycle, cell kinetics, cellular apoptosis, tumor response and progression.
  40. ↑ "EMINENT SCIENTISTS OF POLISH ORIGIN AND ANCESTRY". Thekf.org. Retrieved 2017-07-16.
  41. ↑ "BOARD OF TRUSTEES". Thekf.org. Retrieved 2017-07-16.
  42. ↑ "The Alfred Jurzykowski Foundation Prizes". The Polish Review. 11 (1): 121–128. 1966. JSTOR 25776649.
  43. ↑ Rej 166/95, page 720 Postanowienie Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 18 września 1995 o nadaniu orderów i odznaczeń.
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