Yellow cardinal
CITES Appendix II (CITES)[2]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Thraupidae
Genus: Gubernatrix
Lesson, 1837
Species:
G. cristata
Binomial name
Gubernatrix cristata
(Vieillot, 1817)

The yellow cardinal (Gubernatrix cristata) is a species of South American bird in the tanager family Thraupidae. It is the only member of its genus, Gubernatrix. It is very rare and can only be found in South America.

Taxonomy

The yellow cardinal was formally described in 1817 by the French ornithologist Louis Pierre Vieillot under the binomial name Coccothraustes cristata.[3][4] The specific epithet is from the Latin cristatus meaning "crested" or "plumed".[5] The species was moved to its own genus Gubernatrix by the French naturalist René Lesson in 1837.[6] The genus name is the Latin word for "governess".[7]

Although traditionally included in the family Emberizidae, a study published in 2011 found that the species was more closely related to the tanager family Thraupidae.[8] A comprehensive study of the tanagers published in 2014 found strong support for a sister relationship between the yellow cardinal and the diuca finch.[9] The two species are known to hybridize, however the yellow cardinal is monotypic and no subspecies are recognised.[10][11]

Distribution and habitat

It is found in Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay. Its natural habitats are dry savanna, temperate shrubland, subtropical or tropical moist shrubland, and temperate grassland. It is threatened by habitat loss and from pet trade trappers for sale as exotic pets.[12] Males are trapped at a higher rate than females, and the yellow cardinal is considered endangered due to the constant entrapment.[13] There was a study conducted that looked at the vocalization of the Yellow Cardinal in its habitat. It was found that there was some variation with the diuca finch.[14]

Status

The current global population of Gubernatrix cristata is between 1000 and 2000.[15] Studies have shown that there are some genetic differences between different populations.[16] Another study has shown that the yellow cardinal presents plasticity in song production, with small differences in song among four different populations.[17]

References

  1. ↑ BirdLife International (2018). "Gubernatrix cristata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22721578A131888081. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22721578A131888081.en. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
  2. ↑ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
  3. ↑ Vieillot, Louis Pierre (1817). Nouveau dictionnaire d'histoire naturelle, appliquée aux arts, à l'agriculture, à l'économie rurale et domestique, à la médecine, etc (in French). Vol. 13. Paris: Deterville. p. 531. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.20211.
  4. ↑ Paynter, Raymond A. Jr, ed. (1970). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 13. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 210.
  5. ↑ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 122. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
  6. ↑ Lesson, René (1837). Histoire Naturelle Générale et Particulière des Mammifères et des Oiseaux Décoverts Depuis la Mort de Buffon (in French). Vol. 8 Oiseaux. Paris: Pourrat Frères. p. 295.
  7. ↑ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 180. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
  8. ↑ Campagna, L.; Geale, K.; Handford, P.; Lijtmaer, D.A.; Tubaro, P.L.; Lougheed, S.C. (2011). "A molecular phylogeny of the Sierra-Finches (Phrygilus, Passeriformes): Extreme polyphyly in a group of Andean specialists". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 61 (2): 521–533. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.07.011. hdl:11336/68885. PMID 21807104.
  9. ↑ Burns, K.J.; Shultz, A.J.; Title, P.O.; Mason, N.A.; Barker, F.K.; Klicka, J.; Lanyon, S.M.; Lovette, I.J. (2014). "Phylogenetics and diversification of tanagers (Passeriformes: Thraupidae), the largest radiation of Neotropical songbirds". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 75: 41–77. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.02.006. PMID 24583021.
  10. ↑ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2020). "Tanagers and allies". IOC World Bird List Version 10.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
  11. ↑ "Common Diuca-Finch x Yellow Cardinal (hybrid)". Avibase. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
  12. ↑ Barilla, James. "Zoopolis." My Backyard Jungle: The Adventures of an Urban Wildlife Lover Who Turned His Yard into Habitat and Learned to Live with It. New Haven: Yale UP, 2014. 296-97. Print.
  13. ↑ Domínguez, Marisol; Tiedemann, Ralph; Reboreda, Juan C.; Segura, Luciano; Tittarelli, Fabián; Mahler, Bettina (2017-10-01). "Genetic structure reveals management units for the yellow cardinal (Gubernatrix cristata), endangered by habitat loss and illegal trapping". Conservation Genetics. 18 (5): 1131–1140. doi:10.1007/s10592-017-0964-4. ISSN 1572-9737. S2CID 3948404.
  14. ↑ Domínguez, Marisol; Reboreda, Juan Carlos; Mahler, Bettina (2016). "Effects of fragmentation and hybridization on geographical patterns of song variation in the endangered Yellow Cardinal Gubernatrix cristata". Ibis. 158 (4): 738–746. doi:10.1111/ibi.12388. hdl:11336/61397. ISSN 1474-919X.
  15. ↑ BirdLife International (2019) Species factsheet: Gubernatrix cristata. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 13/04/2019
  16. ↑ Domínguez, M., Tiedemann, R., Reboreda, J.C. et al. Conserv Genet (2017) 18: 1131. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-017-0964-4
  17. ↑ Domínguez, M. , Reboreda, J. C. and Mahler, B. (2016), Effects of fragmentation and hybridization on geographical patterns of song variation in the endangered Yellow Cardinal Gubernatrix cristata. Ibis, 158: 738-746. doi:10.1111/ibi.12388
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