Crowd sourcing genomic information

Erlich's team published a study in the journal Science that reported crowd-sourcing of tens of millions of genealogical records from the website Geni.com.^[4] The team was able to create a single family tree of 13 million people that are all connected and spans tens of generations and over 600 years of history.^[5] The study used the data to analyze the genetics of longevity and familial dispersion^[6]

In a different line of studies, Erlich and Joe Pickrell put together a website called DNA.Land to crowd source genomic datasets of participants of consumer genomics.^[7] The website collected over 130,000 datasets by November 2018.

Genetic Privacy

The Erlich group published several studies on the subject of genetic privacy. In 2013, they reported the possibility of recovering the surname of a male from his allegedly anonymous genomic dataset, which can lead to tracing his full identity.^[8] The technique exploits the co-inheritance of surnames and Y-chromosomes in most societies. Thus, by comparing the Y-chromosome of the person of interest to genetic genealogy databases of Y-chromosomes, it is possible in some cases to infer the surname. The team estimated that 12% of males in the US are subject to successful surname recovery. The team also demonstrated that after recovering the surname, basic demographic identifiers such as age and state of residency can permit tracing back the identity of the individual. To demonstrate the power of technique, they recover the identity of multiple 1000 Genomes by surname inference.

In 2014, Erlich and Arvind Narayanan published a survey of hacking techniques to genomic datasets.^[9] They predicted that autosomal searches in GEDmatch can be used to trace back the identity of anonymous people once the GEDmatch user base will reach a certain size, which indeed happened in 2018, where the website used to capture the Golden State Killer.

In 2018, the Erlich team published a study in Science that reported that about 60% of US individuals of European descent have at least a 3rd cousin match in GEDmatch, which can theoretically permit their identification.^[10] In two to three years, virtually any person in this ethnic group can be theoretically traced using this technique, if the current rate of growth in GEDmatch will continue.^[11] The team suggested a cryptographic signature technique to reduce the chance of misusing direct to consumer websites by police searches.