World GDP per capita between 1500 and 2003

The world economy or global economy is the economy of all humans in the world, referring to the global economic system, which includes all economic activities conducted both within and between nations, including production, consumption, economic management, work in general, exchange of financial values and trade of goods and services.[1][2] In some contexts, the two terms are distinct: the "international" or "global economy" is measured separately and distinguished from national economies, while the "world economy" is simply an aggregate of the separate countries' measurements. Beyond the minimum standard concerning value in production, use and exchange, the definitions, representations, models and valuations of the world economy vary widely. It is inseparable from the geography and ecology of planet Earth.

It is common to limit questions of the world economy exclusively to human economic activity, and the world economy is typically judged in monetary terms, even in cases in which there is no efficient market to help valuate certain goods or services, or in cases in which a lack of independent research, genuine data or government cooperation makes calculating figures difficult. Typical examples are illegal drugs and other black market goods, which by any standard are a part of the world economy, but for which there is, by definition, no legal market of any kind.

However, even in cases in which there is a clear and efficient market to establish monetary value, economists do not typically use the current or official exchange rate to translate the monetary units of this market into a single unit for the world economy since exchange rates typically do not closely reflect worldwide value – for example, in cases where the volume or price of transactions is closely regulated by the government.

Rather, market valuations in a local currency are typically translated to a single monetary unit using the idea of purchasing power. This is the method used below, which is used for estimating worldwide economic activity in terms of real United States dollars or euros. However, the world economy can be evaluated and expressed in many more ways. It is unclear, for example, how many of the world's 7.8 billion people (as of March 2020)[3][4] have most of their economic activity reflected in these valuations.

According to Maddison, until the middle of the 19th century, global output was dominated by China and India. Waves of the Industrial Revolution in Western Europe and Northern America shifted the shares to the Western Hemisphere. As of 2023, the following 19 countries or collectives have reached an economy of at least US$2 trillion by GDP in nominal or PPP terms: Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, South Korea, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Spain, Turkey, the United Kingdom, the United States, the European Union and the African Union.[5][6]

Despite high levels of government investment, the global economy decreased by 3.4% in 2020 in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic,[7] an improvement from the World Bank's initial prediction of a 5.2 percent decrease.[8] Cities account for 80% of global GDP, thus they faced the brunt of this decline.[9][10] The world economy increased again in 2021 with an estimated 5.5 percent rebound.[11]

Overview

World economy by country groups

Country group List of country groups by
GDP (nominal)
in 2023 (or at peaked level)		 List of country groups by
GDP (PPP)
in 2023 (or at peaked level)		 Number of
countries		 Major economies
Value
(in millions of US$)		Share of
Global GDP		Value
(in millions of US$)		Share of
Global GDP
Major advanced economies (G7)
(Continents: Europe, North America and Asia)		 46,295,306 44.3% 52,295,411 29.9% 7  United States
 Japan
 Germany
 United Kingdom
 France
 Italy
 Canada
Emerging and developing Asia
(Continents: Asia and Oceania)		 25,441,042 24.4% 58,503,987 33.5% 30  China
 India
 Indonesia
 Thailand
 Bangladesh
 Vietnam
 Philippines
 Malaysia
Other advanced economies
(advanced economies excluding the G7)
(Continents: Europe, Asia, Oceania and North America)		 14,634,255 14.0% 19,624,991 11.2% 34  South Korea
 Spain
 Australia
 Taiwan
 Netherlands
  Switzerland
 Belgium
 Singapore
 Ireland
 Sweden
 Norway
 Austria
Latin America and the Caribbean
(Continents: South America and North America)		 6,517,251 6.2% 12,813,893 7.3% 33  Brazil
 Mexico
 Argentina
 Colombia
Emerging and developing Europe
(Continents: Europe and Asia)		 4,933,179 4.7% 12,926,223 7.4% 15  Russia
 Turkey
 Poland
 Romania
Middle East and Central Asia
(Continents: Asia and Africa)		 4,698,168
(peaked at 4,750,874 in 2022)		 4.5% 13,126,177 7.5% 32  Saudi Arabia
 Egypt
 Iran
 Pakistan
 United Arab Emirates
 Kazakhstan
 Algeria
Sub-Saharan Africa
(Continent: Africa)		 1,957,231
(peaked at 2,013,032 in 2022)		 1.9% 5,499,185 3.2% 45  Nigeria
 South Africa
World 104,476,432 100.0% 174,789,867 100.0% 196

World economy by continent

GDP sector composition (2019 estimate)[12][13]
ContinentAgriculturalIndustrialService
World7,908.2638,354.36381,575.461
Asia5,105.36220,858.54932,939.397
North America292.4675,008.59418,426.2
Europe838.1998,175.40220,598.902
South America539.512,014.145,024.223
Africa1,076.691,941.0373,559.579
Oceania56.032356.6411,027.16

Current world economic league table of largest economies in the world by GDP and share of global economic growth

The 25 largest economies by GDP (nominal), twenty largest economies by GDP (PPP) as of 2023. Members of the G-20 major economies are in bold.
List of the 25 largest economies
by GDP (nominal) at their peak level as of 2023 in million US$[5]		 List of the 25 largest economies
by GDP (PPP) at their peak level as of 2023 in million Int$[5]		 List of the 26 economies by highest
GDP (nominal) per capita at their peak level as of 2023 in US$[14]		 List of the 26 economies by highest
GDP (PPP) per capita at their peak level as of 2023 in Int$'[15]
RankCountryValuePeak year
—World104,476,4322023
1 United States26,949,6432023
— European Union[16]19,226,2352008
2 China[17]17,963,1712022
3 Japan[18]6,272,3632012
4 Germany4,429,8382023
5 India3,732,2242023
6 United Kingdom3,332,0592023
7 France3,049,0162023
— African Union[19]2,945,7092022
8 Brazil[20]2,616,1572011
9 Italy[21]2,408,6552008
10 Russia2,288,4282013
11 Canada[22]2,139,8402022
12 South Korea1,818,4322021
13 Mexico1,811,4682023
14 Australia1,702,5542022
15 Spain[23]1,631,8632008
16 Indonesia1,417,3872023
17 Turkey1,154,6002023
18 Saudi Arabia1,108,1492022
19 Netherlands1,092,7482023
20  Switzerland905,6842023
21 Poland842,1722023
22 Taiwan775,7412021
23 Iran[24]644,0362012
24 Argentina643,8612017
25 Sweden639,7152021
RankCountryValuePeak year
—World174,789,8672023
1 China32,897,9292023
2 United States26,949,6432023
— European Union[25]25,430,4092023
3 India13,119,6222023
— African Union[26]8,865,1792023
4 Japan6,495,2142023
5 Germany5,537,9922023
6 Russia[27]5,326,8552022
7 Indonesia4,393,3702023
8 Brazil4,101,0222023
9 United Kingdom3,871,7902023
10 France3,868,6192023
11 Turkey3,613,5402023
12 Mexico3,277,6012023
13 Italy3,193,1802023
14 South Korea2,924,1892023
15 Spain2,413,0662023
16 Canada2,378,9732023
17 Saudi Arabia2,246,5352023
18 Egypt1,809,4252023
19 Iran1,725,8742023
20 Australia1,719,2622023
21 Poland1,712,6292023
22 Taiwan1,685,3582023
23 Thailand1,578,4522023
24 Pakistan1,568,4272023
25 Bangladesh1,476,8702023
RankCountryValuePeak year
1 Monaco234,3172021
2 Liechtenstein184,0832021
3 Luxembourg135,6052023
4 Bermuda118,8462022
5 Ireland112,2482023
6 Norway106,1492022
7  Switzerland102,8662023
8 Qatar101,9332012
9 Isle of Man91,8812014
10 Macau90,8742014
11 Cayman Islands89,9612007
12 Singapore87,8842023
13 United States80,4122023
14 San Marino79,1102008
15 Iceland78,8372023
16Channel Islands Channel Islands75,1482022
17 Denmark71,4022023
18 Faroe Islands69,0102021
19 Australia68,4502012
20 Netherlands61,7702023
21 Sweden61,2032021
22 Austria58,0132023
23 Greenland57,1162021
24 Kuwait55,5952008
25 Canada55,0372022
26 Israel54,6602022
RankCountryValuePeak year
1 Qatar169,6982012
2 Macau149,4222013
3 Luxembourg143,3042023
4 Ireland137,6382023
5 Singapore133,1082023
6 Norway114,8992022
7 United Arab Emirates110,2002004
8 Bermuda95,8372022
9 Kuwait91,4852007
10  Switzerland89,5372023
11 Brunei88,3122012
12 San Marino84,1352023
13 United States80,4122023
14 Cayman Islands77,3872007
15 Denmark74,9582023
16 Netherlands73,3172023
17 Hong Kong72,8612023
18 Taiwan72,4852023
19 Iceland69,8332023
20 Austria69,0692023
21 Saudi Arabia68,4532023
22 Andorra68,2322023
23 Sweden66,2092023
24 Germany66,0382023
25 Belgium65,8132023
26 Australia64,6742023

Twenty largest economies in the world by nominal GDP

The following is a list of the twenty largest economies by nominal GDP at peak value as of the specific year, according to the International Monetary Fund.[5]
Rank19801985199019952000200520102015202020252028
1 United States United States United States United States United States United States United States United States United States United States United States
2 Japan Japan Japan Japan Japan Japan China China China China China
3 Soviet Union Soviet Union West Germany Germany Germany Germany Japan Japan Japan Japan Japan
4 West Germany West Germany France France United Kingdom United Kingdom Germany Germany Germany Germany India
5 France France United Kingdom United Kingdom France China United Kingdom United Kingdom United Kingdom India Germany
6 United Kingdom United Kingdom Soviet Union Italy Italy France France France France United Kingdom United Kingdom
7 Italy Italy Italy Brazil China Italy Italy Brazil India France France
8 China Canada Canada China Brazil Canada Brazil Italy Brazil Brazil Brazil
9 Canada China Iran Spain Canada Spain Russia Russia Italy Italy Canada
10 Mexico Mexico Spain Canada Mexico South Korea India India Russia Canada Italy
Rank19801985199019952000200520102015202020252028
11 Brazil Brazil Brazil Iran Spain Mexico Spain Canada Canada Russia Mexico
12 Argentina India China South Korea South Korea Brazil Canada Spain South Korea Mexico Russia
13 Spain Argentina India Russia Iran India Australia Australia Spain South Korea South Korea
14 Netherlands Spain Australia Mexico Russia Russia South Korea South Korea Australia Australia Indonesia
15 India Australia Netherlands Netherlands India Australia Mexico Mexico Mexico Spain Australia
16 Saudi Arabia Netherlands Mexico Australia Netherlands Netherlands Netherlands Turkey Indonesia Indonesia Spain
17 Australia Saudi Arabia South Korea India Australia Iran Turkey Netherlands Turkey Turkey Turkey
18 Sweden Iran  Switzerland  Switzerland  Switzerland Turkey Indonesia Indonesia Netherlands Netherlands Netherlands
19 Belgium Sweden Sweden Argentina Argentina  Switzerland  Switzerland Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia
20  Switzerland Belgium Argentina Belgium Taiwan Sweden Iran  Switzerland  Switzerland  Switzerland  Switzerland

Twenty largest economies in the world by GDP (PPP)

List of twenty largest economies by GDP based on purchasing power parity at peak value as of the specific year according to the International Monetary Fund and the CIA World Factbook.[5][28]
Rank19801985199019952000200520102015202020252028
1 United States United States United States United States United States United States United States United States China China China
2 Soviet Union Soviet Union Soviet Union Japan China China China China United States United States United States
3 Japan Japan Japan China Japan Japan India India India India India
4 West Germany West Germany West Germany Germany Germany India Japan Japan Japan Japan Japan
5 Italy Italy Italy Russia India Germany Germany Germany Germany Germany Germany
6 France France China India France Russia Russia Russia Russia Russia Indonesia
7 Brazil Brazil France Italy Italy France Brazil Brazil Indonesia Indonesia Russia
8 United Kingdom United Kingdom United Kingdom France Russia Brazil France United Kingdom France Brazil Brazil
9 Mexico China India Brazil United Kingdom United Kingdom United Kingdom France United Kingdom France Turkey
10 Saudi Arabia India Brazil United Kingdom Brazil Italy Italy Indonesia Brazil United Kingdom United Kingdom
Rank19801985199019952000200520102015202020252028
11 India Mexico Mexico Mexico Mexico Mexico Indonesia Mexico Italy Turkey France
12 China Saudi Arabia Spain Indonesia Indonesia Indonesia Mexico Italy Mexico Mexico Mexico
13 Spain Canada Canada Spain Spain South Korea South Korea Turkey Turkey Italy Italy
14 Canada Spain Indonesia Saudi Arabia Canada Spain Spain South Korea South Korea South Korea South Korea
15 Iran Iran Saudi Arabia Canada South Korea Canada Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia Spain Spain Saudi Arabia
16 Indonesia Indonesia Turkey South Korea Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia Iran Spain Canada Canada Spain
17 Argentina Turkey Iran Turkey Iran Iran Canada Canada Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia Canada
18 Poland Australia South Korea Iran Turkey Turkey Turkey Iran Iran Egypt Egypt
19 Netherlands Netherlands Australia Australia Australia Australia Australia Egypt Australia Poland Bangladesh
20 Turkey Argentina Netherlands Thailand Netherlands Thailand Taiwan Australia Egypt Iran Poland

Statistical indicators

Finance

Countries or territories by GDP (PPP) per capita in 2021.
  >$60,000
  $50,000 – $60,000
  $40,000 – $50,000
  $30,000 – $40,000
  $20,000 – $30,000
  $10,000 – $20,000
  $5,000 – $10,000
  $2,500 – $5,000
  $1,000 – $2,500
  <$1,000
  No data
Countries by total wealth (trillions USD), Credit Suisse
  • GDP (GWP) (gross world product): (purchasing power parity exchange rates) – $59.38 trillion (2005 est.), $51.48 trillion (2004), $23 trillion (2002). The GWP is the combined gross national income of all the countries in the world. When calculating the GWP, add GDP of all countries. Also, GWP shows that imports and exports are equal. Because imports and exports balance exactly when considering the whole world:,[29] this also equals the total global gross domestic product (GDP). According to the World Bank, the 2013 nominal GWP was approximately US$75.59 trillion. In 2017, according to the CIA's World Factbook, the GWP was around US$80.27 trillion in nominal terms and totaled approximately 127.8 trillion international dollars in terms of purchasing power parity (PPP). The per capita PPP GWP in 2017 was approximately Int$17,500 according to the World Factbook.
  • GDP (GWP) (gross world product):[30] (market exchange rates) – $60.69 trillion (2008). The market exchange rates increased from 1990 to 2008. The reason for this increase is the world's advancement in terms of technology.
  • GDP[31] (real growth rate): The following part shows the GDP growth rate and the expected value after one year.
    • Developed Economies. A developed country, industrialized country, more developed country (MDC), or more economically developed country (MEDC), is a sovereign state that has a developed economy and advanced technological infrastructure relative to other less industrialized nations. Most commonly, the criteria for evaluating the degree of economic development are gross domestic product (GDP), gross national product (GNP), the per capita income, level of industrialization, amount of widespread infrastructure and general standard of living. Which criteria are to be used and which countries can be classified as being developed are subjects of debate. The GDP of the developed countries is predicted to fall from 2.2% in 2017 to 2.0% in 2018 due to the fall in dollar value.
    • Developing Countries. A developing country is a country with a less developed industrial base (industries) and a low Human Development Index (HDI) relative to other countries. However, this definition is not universally agreed upon. There is also no clear agreement on which countries fit this category. A nation's GDP per capita, compared with other nations, can also be a reference point. In general, the United Nations accepts any country's claim of itself being "developing". The GDP of the developing countries is expected to rise from 4.3% in 2017 to 4.6% in 2018 due to political stability in those countries and advancement in technology.
    • Least developed countries. The least developed countries (LDCs) is a list of developing countries that, according to the United Nations, exhibit the lowest indicators of socioeconomic development, with the lowest Human Development Index ratings of all countries in the world. The concept of LDCs originated in the late 1960s and the first group of LDCs was listed by the UN in its resolution 2768 (XXVI) of 18 November 1971. This is a group of countries that are expected to improve their GDP from 4.8% in 2017 to 5.4% in 2018. The predicted growth is associated advancement in technology and industrialization of those countries for the past decade.
  • GDP – per capita: purchasing power parity – $9,300, €7,500 (2005 est.), $8,200, €6,800 (92) (2003), $7,900, €5,000 (2002)
  • World median income: purchasing power parity $1,041, €950 (1993)[32]
  • GDP – composition by sector: agriculture: 4%; industry: 32%; services: 64% (2004 est.)
  • Inflation rate (consumer prices); In economics, inflation is a general rise in the price level in an economy over a period of time, resulting in a sustained drop in the purchasing power of money. When the general price level rises, each unit of currency buys fewer goods and services; consequently, inflation reflects a reduction in the purchasing power per unit of money – a loss of real value in the medium of exchange and unit of account within the economy. The opposite of inflation is deflation, a sustained decrease in the general price level of goods and services. The common measure of inflation is the inflation rate, the annualized percentage change in a general price index, usually the consumer price index, over time. national inflation rates vary widely in individual cases, from declining prices in Japan to hyperinflation (In economics, hyperinflation is very high and typically accelerating inflation) in several Third World countries (2003):
  • Derivatives OTC outstanding notional amount: $601 trillion (Dec 2010) ()
  • Derivatives exchange traded outstanding notional amount: $82 trillion (June 2011) ()
  • Global debt issuance: $5.187 trillion, €3 trillion (2004), $4.938 trillion, €3.98 trillion (2003), $3.938 trillion (2002) (Thomson Financial League Tables)
  • Global equity issuance: $505 billion, €450 billion (2004), $388 billion. €320 billion (2003), $319 billion, €250 trillion (2002) (Thomson Financial League Tables)

Employment

World GDP per capita between 1500 and 2000 (log scale)
World GDP per capita between 1500 and 2003
GDP increase, 1990–1998 and 1990–2006, in major countries
  • Unemployment rate: 8.7% (2009 est.). 30% (2007 est.) combined unemployment and underemployment in many non-industrialized countries; developed countries typically 4%–12% unemployment.

Industries

  • Industrial production growth rate: 3% (2002 est.)

Energy

Global primary energy consumption, measured in terawatt-hours (TWh) per year
  • Yearly electricity – production: 21,080,878 GWh (2011 est.),[34] 15,850,000 GWh (2003 est.), 14,850,000 GWh (2001 est.)
  • Yearly electricity – consumption: 14,280,000 GWh (2003 est.), 13,930,000 GWh (2001 est.)
  • Oil – production: 79,650,000 bbl/d (12,663,000 m3/d) (2003 est.), 75,460,000 barrels per day (11,997,000 m3/d) (2001)
  • Oil – consumption: 80,100,000 bbl/d (12,730,000 m3/d) (2003 est.), 76,210,000 barrels per day (12,116,000 m3/d) (2001)
  • Oil – proved reserves: 1.025 trillion barrel (163 km3 (39 cu mi) (2001 est.)
  • Natural gas – production: 3,366 km3 (808 cu mi) (2012 est.),[35] 2,569 km3 (616 cu mi) (2001 est.)
  • Natural gas – consumption: 2,556 km3 (613 cu mi) (2001 est.)
  • Natural gas – proved reserves: 161,200 km3 (38,700 cu mi) (1 January 2002)

Cross-border

  • Yearly exports: $12.4 trillion, €11.05 trillion (2009 est.)
  • Exports – commodities: the whole range of industrial and agricultural goods and services
  • Exports – partners: US 12.7%, Germany 7.1%, China 6.2%, France 4.4%, Japan 4.2%, UK 4.1% (2008)
  • Yearly imports: $12.29 trillion, €10.95 trillion (2009 est.)
  • Imports – commodities: the whole range of industrial and agricultural goods and services
  • Imports – partners: China 10.3%, Germany 8.6%, US 8.1%, Japan 5% (2008)
  • Debt – external: $56.9 trillion, €40 trillion (31 December 2009 est.)

Gift economy

Communications

Telephones – main lines in use: 843,923,500 (2007)
4,263,367,600 (2008)

Transport

Transportation infrastructure worldwide includes:

  • Airports
    • Total: 41,821 (2013)[39]
  • Roadways
    • Total: 32,345,165 km (20,098,354 mi)
    • Paved: 19,403,061 km (12,056,503 mi)
    • Unpaved: 12,942,104 km (8,041,851 mi) (2002)
  • Railways
    • Total: 1,122,650 km (697,580 mi) includes about 190,000 to 195,000 km (118,000 to 121,000 mi) of electrified routes of which 147,760 km (91,810 mi) are in Europe, 24,509 km (15,229 mi) in the Far East, 11,050 km (6,870 mi) in Africa, 4,223 km (2,624 mi) in South America, and 4,160 km (2,580 mi) in North America.

Military

A pie chart showing global military expenditures by country for 2019, in US$ billions, according to SIPRI.
  • World military expenditure in 2018: estimated to $1.822 trillion[40]
  • Military expenditures – percent of GDP: roughly 2% of gross world product (1999).

Science, research and development

Number of scientific or technical journal article publications per million residents as of 2013.

The Royal Society in a 2011 report stated that in terms of number of papers the share of English-language scientific research papers the United States was first followed by China, the UK, Germany, Japan, France, and Canada.[41] In 2015, research and development constituted an average 2.2% of the global GDP according to the UNESCO Institute for Statistics.[42] Metrics and rankings of innovation include the Bloomberg Innovation Index, the Global Innovation Index and the share of Nobel laureates per capita.

Resources and environment

Shown is how the global material footprint and global CO2 emissions from fossil-fuel combustion and industrial processes changed compared with global GDP.[43]
The period since 1950 has brought "the most rapid transformation of the human relationship with the natural world in the history of humankind".[44] Through 2018, humans have reduced forest area by ~30% and grasslands/shrubs by ~68%, to make way for livestock grazing and crops for humans.[45]
  • Forests (carbon sinks, wood, ecosystem services, ...)
    • Estimated number of trees that are net lost annually as of 2021: 10 billion[46][47]
    • Global annual deforested land in 2015–2020: 10 million hectares
    • Global annual net forest area loss in 2000–2010 : 4.7 million hectares[48]
  • Other land degradation and land- and organisms-related ecosystem disturbances
    • Soils (carbon sink, ecosystem services, food production, ...)
      • Soil erosion by water in 2012: almost 36 billion tons (based on a high resolution global potential soil erosion model developed in 2017)[49]
      • Estimated annual loss of agricultural productivity due to soil erosion: 8 billion US dollars (based on the soil erosion data)[50]
      • Soil erosion by water in 2015: approximately 43 billion tons (according to a 2020 study)[51]
      • Environmental impact of pesticides
        • Pesticide use in tonnes of active ingredient in Australia in 2016: ca. 62,500 tonnes[52]
  • Oceans (ecosystem services, food production, ...): Blue economy
  • Waste and pollution (effects of economic mechanisms, effects on ecosystem services)
    • As of 2018, about 380 million tonnes of plastic is produced worldwide each year. From the 1950s up to 2018, an estimated 6.3 billion tonnes of plastic has been produced worldwide, of which an estimated 9% has been recycled and another 12% has been incinerated with the rest reportedly being "dumped in landfills or the natural environment".[53]
    • Air pollution
      • Number of human deaths caused annually by air pollution worldwide: ca. 7 million[54][55][56]
      • Estimated global annual cost of air pollution: $5 trillion[57][58][59]
    • Microplastic pollution
      • Estimated accumulated number of microplastic particles in the North Atlantic Ocean in 2014: 15 to 51 trillion particles, weighing between 93,000 and 236,000 metric tons[60]
      • Estimated accumulated number of microplastic particles in the North Atlantic Ocean in 2020: 3700 microplastics per cubic meter[60]

From the scientific perspective, economic activities are embedded in a web of dynamic, interrelated, and interdependent activities that constitute the natural system of Earth. Novel application of cybernetics in decision-making (such as in decision-making related to process- and product-design and related laws) and direction of human activity (such as economic activity) may make it easier to control modern ecological problems.[61]

Historical development

Shift of the world's economic center of gravity since 1980 and projected until 2050[62]
Estimations of world population and GDP from a 2020 research paper[63]
Year Population
(million)		 GDP per capita
($1990 in PPP)		 GDP in billion
($1990 in PPP)
1000000 BCE 0.125 400 0.05
300000 BCE 1 400 0.40
25000 BCE 3.34 400 1.34
10000 BCE 4 400 1.60
5000 BCE 5 404 2.02
4000 BCE 7 409 2.87
3000 BCE 14 421 5.90
2000 BCE 27 433 11.7
1000 BCE 50 444 22.2
500 BCE 100 457 45.7
200 BCE 150 465 69.7
1 168 467 78.4
200 190 463 88.0
400 190 463 88.0
500 190 463 88.0
600 200 462 92.3
700 210 460 96.6
800 220 459 101
900 240 456 109
1000 265 453 120
1100 320 512 164
1200 360 551 198
1300 360 551 198
1400 350 541 190
1500 438 625 274
1600 556 629 350
1700 603 658 397
1820 1,042 712 741
1870 1,276 884 1,128
1900 1,563
1913 1,793 1,543 2,767
1920 1,863
1940 2,299 2,181 5,013
1950 2,528 2,104 5,318
1960 3,042 2,764 12,170
1970 3,691 3,725 13,751
1980 4,440 4,511 20,026
1990 5,269 5,149 27,133
2000 6,077 6,057 36,806
2010 6,873 7,814 53,704
2019 7,620 9,663 73,640

One example for a comparable metric other than GDP are the OECD Better Life Index rankings for different aggregative domains.

Legend
  Explained by: Housing
  Explained by: Income
  Explained by: Jobs
  Explained by: Community
  Explained by: Education
  Explained by: Environment
  Explained by: Civic engagement
  Explained by: Health
  Explained by: Life Satisfaction
  Explained by: Safety
  Explained by: Work-Life Balance
OECD Better Life Index rankings for 2016
Overall Rank
[64]		 Country Housing Income Jobs Community Education Environment Civic engagement Health Life Satisfaction Safety Work-Life Balance
1  Norway
2  Australia
3  Denmark
4   Switzerland
5  Canada
6  Sweden
7  New Zealand
8  Finland
9  United States
10  Iceland
11  Netherlands
12  Germany
13  Luxembourg
14  Belgium
15  Austria
16  United Kingdom
17  Ireland
18  France
19  Spain
20  Slovenia
21  Czech Republic
22  Estonia
23  Japan
24  Slovakia
25  Italy
26  Israel
27  Poland
28  South Korea
29  Portugal
30  Latvia
31  Greece
32  Hungary
33  Russia
34  Chile
35  Brazil
36  Turkey
37  Mexico
38  South Africa

The index includes 11 comparable "dimensions" of well-being:[65]

  1. Housing: housing conditions and spendings (e.g. real estate pricing)
  2. Income: household income (after taxes and transfers) and net financial wealth
  3. Jobs: earnings, job security and unemployment
  4. Community: quality of social support network
  5. Education: education and what one gets out of it
  6. Environment: quality of environment (e.g. environmental health)
  7. Governance: involvement in democracy
  8. Health
  9. Life Satisfaction: level of happiness
  10. Safety: murder and assault rates
  11. Work-life balance

Economic studies

To promote exports, many government agencies publish on the web economic studies by sector and country. Among these agencies include the USCS (US DoC) and FAS (USDA) in the United States, the EDC and AAFC in Canada, Ubifrance in France, the UKTI in the United Kingdom, the HKTDC and JETRO in Asia, Austrade and the NZTE in Oceania. Through Partnership Agreements, the Federation of International Trade Associations publishes studies from several of these agencies (USCS, FAS, AAFC, UKTI, and HKTDC) as well as other non-governmental organizations on its website globaltrade.net.

See also

Regional economies:

Events:

Lists:

References

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