William II de Haya (William II de la Haye, Guillaume de La Haye), was a Norman knight who is considered to be the progenitor of the Scottish Clan Hay. He is the first recorded de Haya in Scotland and is known to have been in the Scottish court in 1160.[1]

Early life

He was the son of William I de Haya and Juliana de Soulis, based on his reference to Ranulf de Soulis as his late uncle, i.e., his mother’s brother, in a charter,[2] and was almost certainly born in the La Haye-Hue (now La Haye-Bellefond) / Soulles region of the Cotentin Peninsula, but the date is unknown. William II probably joined his uncle, Ranulf I de Soules, at the Scottish court as a young man. He married Eva of Pitmilly,[3][4] Again, the date is unknown. Eva brought into the marriage lands at Pitmilly.

Service to the King

William was pincerna (cup bearer or butler) to Malcolm IV and William the Lion,[1] succeeding his uncle, Ranulf I de Soules, although the exact dates that he held this position are unknown. He witnessed some of the later charters of Malcolm IV, in one of which he is styled pincerna,[5] and he is also styled as such in some of the early charters of William the Lion,[6] and in a charter that he himself granted in 1171.[7]

During the years 1173-74, three of Henry II of England's sons and his wife, Eleanor of Aquitaine, rebelled against him. In 1174, believing Henry II to be distracted by the fighting in France, William the Lion attempted to regain Northumberland for Scotland. He was captured at the Second Battle of Alnwick and taken to Henry in Falaise in Normandy. In order to regain his freedom, in December, 1174 he had to sign the punitive Treaty of Falaise. One of the last provisions was that William the Lion had to send twenty-one hostages to England to ensure compliance. One who went in that role was William de Haya, his butler.[8] In August, 1175, the Treaty of Falaise was ratified at York and William the Lion and his brother, David, having paid homage to Henry II of England for Scotland and Galloway, were allowed to return to Scotland. According to J. C. D. Hay,[9] William de Haya was also allowed to return to Scotland at that time.

William was one of the ambassadors sent in 1199 by William the Lion to the newly crowned King John of England to try to have his lost patrimony of Northumberland and Cumberland returned to Scotland.[10] King William offered to swear fealty to King John if this demand was granted.[11]

The first feudal Baron of Erroll

Around 1178-8, William the Lion granted Erroll (Herol), located on the north side of the Tay estuary, to William II de Haya for the service of two knights.[10][12][13] The barony, which was granted as a hereditary right (in feu and heritage), awarded the privileges associated with that rank, including the right to hold a judicial court and to retain the fines imposed (sake and soke), the right to exact tolls and to hold a market (toll and team), and the right to hang thieves caught red-handed (infangthief).[14] This is the beginning of the still extant House of Erroll. The charter remains preserved in their family papers,[12] while the artificial mound (motte) on which William II de Haya built his wooden tower in the twelfth century still existed at Erroll in 1967.[15]

Granting of lands

Granting of lands

In 1171 or 1172, William granted a charter to the Prior of St Andrews[16][17] in which he and his wife, Eva, leased lands (eight carucates) in Pitmilly to the Priory of St Andrews for 20 years at an annual rent of half a mark of silver for the purposes of a hospital, meaning essentially a boarding house, for pilgrims traveling to St Andrews.

Sometime before 1187, William II de Haya granted the lands of Ederpolls to Coupar Angus Abbey for the benefit of the souls of King Malcolm; his uncle Ranulf de Soulis, and others, which grant was confirmed by King William, ostensibly between 1187 and 1195, although these dates are thought by Barrow to be too late.[18][19] An abstract of William II de Haya's charter exists in Coupar Angus documents[20]

Legacy

William II and Eva had six sons, David, William III, John, Thomas, Robert and Malcolm.[21] William II was still alive in 1201, as proved by a charter in the Benholm Charter-chest of that date, but apparently died soon afterwards.[1] David succeeded his father as Baron of Erroll and married Ethna, the daughter of Gilbert, Earl of Strathearn, one of the three most powerful of the original seven Mormaers, or Celtic Earls of Scotland.[1][22][23] This union with Celtic nobility strengthened the Hays' claim as a Celtic-Norman Scoto-Norman family.

An alternative concept

The above biography of William II de Haya appears to be correct and is based on The Scots Peerage.[1] However, the concept of two Williams de Haya in 12th-century Scotland appears in some sources, the first William dying around 1170, and his son, William, being the one who was granted the barony of Erroll.[24] Burke's Peerage of 1930 clouds the issue by raising the possibility of there being two Williams,[25] while the 1970 edition makes no reference to a second William.[10] The “Hay cartwheel” shows two Williams.[26] In this unusual document, the first of these Williams, the pincerna, is shown as having three sons, William, Robert and Peter, while, of these, William, is shown as being the father of the six sons mentioned above, i.e., David, yet another William, John, Thomas, Robert and Malcolm. The Scots Peerage concludes that the two 12th-century Williams in Scotland were probably the same person.[1]

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Paul 1906, pp.555-7.
  2. ↑ Reg. of Coupar, ii. 284. Referenced in Paul 1906.pp.555-7.
  3. ↑ . Paul 1906, pp 555-7.
  4. ↑ Although Eva is usually referred to as a Celtic heiress, her parentage and, therefore, her ethnicity, have not been established.
  5. ↑ Diplomata, No.25. Referenced in Paul 1906, pp.555-7.
  6. ↑ Nos.69,84,103,106;Barrow,Scott 1971, pp.172,182,192,194 respectively.
  7. ↑ Carta Willielmi de Haya de terra in Petmulyn. Registrum Prioratus Sancti Andree. p.313. See Bruce 1841.
  8. ↑ Cal. of Docs. i,139. Referenced in Paul 1906,pp.555-7.
  9. ↑ Hay, J.C.D,1888, p.80
  10. 1 2 3 Townsend 1970,p.949.
  11. ↑ Owen 1997,p.88.
  12. 1 2 Barrow, Scott 1971, Charter 204, p.256.
  13. ↑ Spalding Misc., ii 303. Referenced in Paul 1906, pp.555-7.
  14. ↑ Green 2002, p.198
  15. ↑ Moncrieffe 1967, pp.187-193
  16. ↑ Carta Willielmi de Haya de terra in Petmulyn. Registrum Prioratus Sancti Andree. p.313. See Bruce 1841
  17. ↑ Registrum Prioratus S. Andree, 313. Referenced in Paul 1906, pp.555-7.
  18. ↑ Barrow, Scott 1971, p.331
  19. ↑ Reg. of Coupar, ii, 284. Referenced in Paul 1906, pp.555-7.
  20. ↑ Barrow Scott 1971, p. 331
  21. ↑ Paul 1906, pp.555-7
  22. ↑ It is generally accepted that Ethna was the daughter of the Earl of Strathearn. However, The Scots Peerage states only that, “it is not improbable that Ethna was a daughter of Gilbert, Earl of Strathearn, whose mother’s name was Ethna”.
  23. ↑ Earl of Strathearn
  24. ↑ Hay 1984, p. 4.
  25. ↑ Burke, B. and Burke,A.P.1930, p913.
  26. ↑ "Three days in Scotland, August 2006". www.nicholasthorne.co.uk. Retrieved 18 March 2023.

Further reading

  • Paul, James Balfour (1906). The Scots Peerage, Vol.III. Edinburgh: D. Douglas.
  • Barrow, G.W.S, editor; Scott,W.W. (1971). Regesta Regum Scottorum Vol II; The Acts of William I, King of Scots, 1165-1214. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Bruce, O.T., ed. (1841). Liber Cartarum Prioratus Sancti Andree in Scotia; E Registro Ipso in Archivis Baronum De Panmure Hodie Asservato. Edinburgh: Ballantyne Press.
  • Burke, B.; Burke A.P. (1930). A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Peerage and Baronetage, the Privy Council and Knightage. 88th edition. London: Burke's Peerage Limited.
  • Green, J. A. (2002). The Aristocracy of Norman England. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Hay, J. C. D. (1888). "Hay of Errol". Northern Notes and Queries or the Scottish Antiquary. I. and II combined: 40–46, 57–61, 77–82.
  • Hay, M.K. (1984). The Story of the Hays. Morgantown, W.V., U.S.A.: Scotpress.
  • Moncreiffe, I., Hicks, D. (1967). The Highland Clans. New York: Bramhall House.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Owen, D.D.R. (1997). William the Lion, Kingship and Culture. East Linton, Scotland: Tuckwell Press.
  • Townsend, P. (1970). Burke's Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Peerage,Baronetage and Knightage.105th edition. London: Burke's Peerage Limited.
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