Wiener-Araya graph
Vertices42
Edges67
Radius5
Diameter7
Girth4
Automorphisms2
Chromatic number3
Chromatic index4
PropertiesHypohamiltonian
Planar
Table of graphs and parameters

The Wiener–Araya graph is, in graph theory, a graph on 42 vertices with 67 edges. It is hypohamiltonian, which means that it does not itself have a Hamiltonian cycle but every graph formed by removing a single vertex from it is Hamiltonian. It is also planar.

History

Hypohamiltonian graphs were first studied by Sousselier in Problèmes plaisants et délectables (1963).[1] In 1967, Lindgren built an infinite sequence of hypohamiltonian graphs.[2] He first cited Gaudin, Herz and Rossi,[3] then Busacker and Saaty[4] as pioneers on this topic.

From the start, the smallest hypohamiltonian graph is known: the Petersen graph. However, the hunt for the smallest planar hypohamiltonian graph continues. This question was first raised by Václav Chvátal in 1973.[5] The first candidate answer was provided in 1976 by Carsten Thomassen, who exhibited a 105-vertices construction, the 105-Thomassen graph.[6] In 1979, Hatzel improved this result with a planar hypohamiltonian graph on 57 vertices : the Hatzel graph.[7] This bound was lowered in 2007 by the 48-Zamfirescu graph.[8]

In 2009, a graph built by Gábor Wiener and Makoto Araya became (with its 42 vertices) the smallest planar hypohamiltonian graph known.[9][10] In their paper, Wiener and Araya conjectured their graph to be optimal arguing that its order (42) appears to be the answer to The Ultimate Question of Life, the Universe, and Everything from The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, a Douglas Adams novel. However, subsequently, smaller planar hypohamiltonian graphs have been discovered.[11]

References

  1. ↑ Sousselier, R. (1963), Problème no. 29: Le cercle des irascibles, vol. 7, Rev. Franç. Rech. Opérationnelle, pp. 405–406
  2. ↑ Lindgren, W. F. (1967), "An infinite class of hypohamiltonian graphs", American Mathematical Monthly, 74 (9): 1087–1089, doi:10.2307/2313617, JSTOR 2313617, MR 0224501
  3. ↑ Gaudin, T.; Herz, P.; Rossi (1964), "Solution du problème No. 29", Rev. Franç. Rech. Opérationnelle (in French), 8: 214–218
  4. ↑ Busacker, R. G.; Saaty, T. L. (1965), Finite Graphs and Networks
  5. ↑ Chvátal, V. (1973), "Flip-flops in hypo-Hamiltonian graphs", Canadian Mathematical Bulletin, 16: 33–41, doi:10.4153/cmb-1973-008-9, MR 0371722
  6. ↑ Thomassen, Carsten (1976), "Planar and infinite hypohamiltonian and hypotraceable graphs", Discrete Mathematics, 14 (4): 377–389, doi:10.1016/0012-365x(76)90071-6, MR 0422086
  7. ↑ Hatzel, Wolfgang (1979), "Ein planarer hypohamiltonscher Graph mit 57 Knoten", Mathematische Annalen (in German), 243 (3): 213–216, doi:10.1007/BF01424541, MR 0548801, S2CID 121794449
  8. ↑ Zamfirescu, Carol T.; Zamfirescu, Tudor I. (2007), "A planar hypohamiltonian graph with 48 vertices", Journal of Graph Theory, 55 (4): 338–342, doi:10.1002/jgt.20241, MR 2336805, S2CID 260477281
  9. ↑ Wiener, Gábor; Araya, Makoto (April 20, 2009), The ultimate question, arXiv:0904.3012, Bibcode:2009arXiv0904.3012W.
  10. ↑ Wiener, Gábor; Araya, Makoto (2011), "On planar hypohamiltonian graphs", Journal of Graph Theory, 67 (1): 55–68, doi:10.1002/jgt.20513, MR 2809563, S2CID 5340663.
  11. ↑ Jooyandeh, Mohammadreza; McKay, Brendan D.; Östergård, Patric R. J.; Pettersson, Ville H.; Zamfirescu, Carol T. (2017), "Planar hypohamiltonian graphs on 40 vertices", Journal of Graph Theory, 84 (2): 121–133, arXiv:1302.2698, doi:10.1002/jgt.22015, MR 3601121, S2CID 5535167
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