Wiconisco Canal
Aqueduct No. 3 over Powell Creek
Map of historic Pennsylvania canals
Location
CountryUnited States
StatePennsylvania
Physical characteristics
SourceWiconisco Creek
 • locationMillersburg, Dauphin County
 • coordinates40°32′10″N 76°57′56″W / 40.53611°N 76.96556°W / 40.53611; -76.96556[n 1]
 • elevation381 ft (116 m)[1]
MouthSusquehanna River
 • location
Opposite the mouth of the Juniata River, Dauphin County
 • coordinates
40°24′03″N 77°00′49″W / 40.40083°N 77.01361°W / 40.40083; -77.01361[n 2]
 • elevation
335 ft (102 m)[2]
Length12 mi (19 km)[3]
Basin features
River systemPennsylvania Canal
Original ownerCommonwealth of Pennsylvania

The Wiconisco Canal was a 19th century transportation waterway, about 12 miles (19 km) long, in Dauphin County in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. Running along the east bank of the Susquehanna River between Millersburg and Duncan's Island at the mouth of the Juniata River, the canal overcame about 42 feet (13 m) of vertical lift through the use of 7 locks.[4][n 3]

Started by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, the canal was completed in 1845 by a private firm and used to ship coal and other goods from northern Dauphin County to distant markets. Sold to a subsidiary of the Pennsylvania Railroad, it continued operating until largely destroyed by a flood in 1889. The canal's biggest aqueduct, No. 3 near Halifax, continues to serve as a highway bridge over Powell Creek. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1988, as the Bridge in Reed Township.[5]

History

The state began construction of the canal in 1837[6] or 1838.[3] Originally built as an extension of the Eastern Division of the Pennsylvania Canal, the canal was designed by Samuel Krauss, engineer of the Eastern Division. Plans called for a dam at Clarks Ferry to provide water deep enough for canal boats to cross the Susquehanna River parallel to Clarks Ferry Bridge and to enter or exit either canal.[6]

After the Eastern Division canal was completed, John P. Rutherford, who had managed the final stages of the Eastern Division work near Harrisburg, was named construction superintendent for the Wiconisco project. In 1839, Simon Sallade, who replaced Rutherford as superintendent, divided the canal into 25 planning sections to keep track of cost estimates, construction bids, and details about the work. Structures such as locks were bid separately from work on the canal itself and included a feeder dam on Wiconisco Creek at Millersburg and three aqueducts.[6] Aqueduct No. 3, which carried the canal over Powell Creek and was the largest of the three aqueducts,[7] was completed in 1840.[6]

After 1841, the state discontinued work on the canal because of lack of funds. Because of currency depreciation related to the panics of 1837 and 1839, Pennsylvania defaulted on its debts, including money owed for canal work. In 1842, the state legislature incorporated a private firm, the Wiconisco Canal Company, to take over the canal. This company completed the canal and began using it in 1845. Under the management of Edward Gratz, the majority stockholder, the canal operated profitably through the 1850s and 1860s by shipping 60 to 170 short tons (54 to 154 t) of anthracite coal annually from mines in the nearby Lykens Valley. Other cargoes included timber, farm products, furniture, and building materials, which could reach markets such as Philadelphia via other branches of the Pennsylvania Canal and connecting canals. In 1871, the Wiconisco Canal's miscellaneous cargo included 677.5 short tons (614.6 t) of railroad iron, "likely sowing the seeds of its own eventual demise".[6]

Costly repairs and years of marginal returns led the canal company to sell its assets to the Pennsylvania Canal Company, a subsidiary of the Pennsylvania Railroad, in 1871. Because shipping coal by boat was cheaper than shipping it by rail, the canal continued to operate until a flood destroyed much of it in 1889. It was closed entirely in 1890 and never re-opened.[6]

It is likely that Aqueduct No. 3, near Halifax, continued to carry land traffic over Powell Creek in the 1890s after the canal was destroyed.[6] Because the passage between Peters Mountain to the east and the Susquehanna to the west is narrow, north- and southbound traffic had no other way to cross the creek. A state road map in 1928 showed Legislative Route No. 1 crossing the creek on the aqueduct.[6] Renamed Pennsylvania Route 147, the road continues to use the aqueduct as a bridge.[6] The structure, referred to as "Bridge in Reed Township", was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.[8]

Points of interest

Feature Coordinates Description
Millersburg 40°32′22″N 76°57′39″W / 40.53944°N 76.96083°W / 40.53944; -76.96083 (Millersburg, Pennsylvania)[9] Town at the northern terminus
Aqueduct No. 3 40°24′35″N 76°59′03″W / 40.40972°N 76.98417°W / 40.40972; -76.98417 (Wiconisco Canal Aqueduct No. 3) Largest aqueduct on canal
Duncan's Island 40°25′02″N 77°00′33″W / 40.41722°N 77.00917°W / 40.41722; -77.00917 (Duncan's Island)[10] Island at the southern terminus

See also

Notes and references

Notes
  1. ↑ These are the Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) coordinates for the mouth of Wiconisco Creek, near the north end of the former canal.[1]
  2. ↑ These are the Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) coordinates for the mouth of the Juniata River at Duncan's Island.[2]
  3. ↑ The total is derived by adding the lift distances of the individual locks. These appear in a table on p. 108 of Shank's book.
References
  1. 1 2 "Wiconisco Creek". Geographic Names Information System (GNIS). United States Geological Survey. August 2, 1979. Retrieved March 23, 2010.
  2. 1 2 "Juniata River". Geographic Names Information System (GNIS). United States Geological Survey. August 30, 1990. Retrieved March 25, 2010.
  3. 1 2 Shank, William H. (1986). The Amazing Pennsylvania Canals, 150th Anniversary Edition. York, Pennsylvania: American Canal and Transportation Center. p. 56. ISBN 0-933788-37-1.
  4. ↑ Shank, p. 108
  5. ↑ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Shackleford, Ben A.; Historic American Engineering Record; National Park Service (1998). "Wiconisco Canal Aqueduct No. 3, Spanning Powell Creek at State Route 147, Halifax vicinity, Dauphin County, PA". Library of Congress. Retrieved March 26, 2010.
  7. ↑ Kapsch, Robert J. (2004). Canals. New York: W.W. Norton and Company. p. 74. ISBN 0-393-73088-3.
  8. ↑ "Bridge in Reed Township". National Park Service. Retrieved March 26, 2010.
  9. ↑ "Millersburg". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. August 2, 1979. Retrieved March 20, 2009.
  10. ↑ "Duncan Island". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. August 2, 1979. Retrieved March 20, 2009.
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