"Who's That Girl" | ||||
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Single by Madonna | ||||
from the album Who's That Girl | ||||
Language | English, Spanish | |||
B-side | "White Heat" | |||
Released | June 29, 1987 | |||
Genre | ||||
Length | 3:58 | |||
Label | ||||
Songwriter(s) | ||||
Producer(s) |
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Madonna singles chronology | ||||
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Music video | ||||
"Who's That Girl" on YouTube |
"Who's That Girl" is a song by American singer Madonna from the soundtrack of the 1987 film Who's That Girl. Written and produced by Madonna and Patrick Leonard, it was released in Europe as the soundtrack's lead single on June 29, 1987; in the United States, a release was issued the following day. In 2009, it was included on Madonna's third greatest hits compilation, Celebration.
An uptempo pop song, "Who's That Girl" continued the singer's fascination with Latin pop, a genre she had previously explored on her single "La Isla Bonita". It features instrumentation from drums, bass, and trumpets, and has lyrics sung both in English and Spanish. While shooting for the film, then called Slammer, Madonna had requested Leonard to develop a song that captured the nature of her film character; the producer worked on a demo and, afterwards, Madonna added the lyrics and decided to rename the song, as well as the film, to "Who's That Girl".
Upon release, the song received positive to mixed reviews from music critics; the similarities to "La Isla Bonita" were both praised and criticized. "Who's That Girl" became Madonna's sixth single to top the Billboard Hot 100, which made her the artist with the most number one hits in the 1980s decade. It was also successful overseas: it reached the top of the charts in the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Italy, Ireland, and Belgium. The song was nominated for Best Song Written for Visual Media at the 1988 Grammy Awards, and for Best Original Song at the 45th Golden Globe Awards. The accompanying music video mixed together footage from Who's That Girl and scenes of Madonna wandering around a park, decked out in a Latin-inspired outfit. The track was included on the singer's Who's That Girl (1987) and Rebel Heart (2015―2016) concert tours, and has been covered by some artists, particularly for tribute albums.
Background and release
In October 1986, Madonna began filming her third motion picture Who's That Girl.[2] James Foley, who had worked with the singer's on her music videos for "Papa Don't Preach" and "Live to Tell" (1986), was chosen at her own request to direct the film.[2][3] Originally titled Slammer, in the movie Madonna plays Nikki Finn, a young woman accused of homicide who, after being released on parole, becomes determined to clear her name. Along with Loudon Trott (played by Griffin Dunne), she gets caught up in "36 hours of high adventure", culminating in a scene where she interrupts a wedding to reveal the identity of the real murderer.[4] Madonna began working on the soundtrack in March 1987; having some specific ideas in her mind about the music of the film, the singer contacted Patrick Leonard and Stephen Bray, who had helped to write and produce her third studio album True Blue.[5] She wanted the soundtrack to "stand on its own as well as support and enhance what was happening on screen".[5]
The singer asked Leonard to create an uptempo song that captured the nature of her character, so the producer created a demo while Madonna worked on the melody and lyrics.[6][5] However, the singer couldn't come up with a word that rhymed with "Slammer", so she changed the song and the film's title to "Who's That Girl", considering it to be a better name.[7] Leonard, who supported the title change, recalled that it was recorded in one day, with the singer recording her vocals in one single take; the following day, additional instrumentation from guitars and percussions were added by Leonard and Bray.[5] In Europe, "Who's That Girl" was officially released as the soundtrack's lead single on June 29, 1987.[8] The next day, it was released on the United States.[9] Years later, it was included on Madonna's third compilation album, Celebration (2009).[10]
Composition
"Who's That Girl" was written and produced by Madonna and Leonard; Michael Barbiero and Steve Thompson were in charge of mixing.[11] Daryl Easlea, one of the authors of Madonna: Blond Ambition, wrote that "Who's That Girl" continued Madonna's exploration of Latin music, which she had already introduced on her previous single "La Isla Bonita".[6] Author Rikky Rooksby pointed out that the song is divided in three parts: verse, refrain, and bridge, in which the artist sings What can help me now;[4] its instrumentation includes a drum machine, trumpets, and a "bubbling bass synth line".[4] Modulation is used on the verse, while the vocals are "wonderfully multi-tracked", specifically in the phrase She's smiling/an invitation to the dance.[12] On the "earworm" refrain, Madonna sings both in English and Spanish, ¿Quién es esa niña?/Who's that girl?/Señorita, más fina/Who's that girl?[13] Several lines are combined on its fade out, a technique that had already been used by artists like The Beach Boys and R.E.M.[4]
According to the sheet music published by Alfred Publishing Inc., "Who's That Girl" is set in common time in the key of A minor with a medium tempo of 104 beats per minute. It is composed in the key of A minor, with Madonna's vocals spanning between G3 to B4. The song has a basic sequence of basic chord progression sequence of Am9–G–Csus2–Am9–G–Dm.[14] The lyrics, which are sung in the third person, talk about "how you should be careful around this extremely hot girl because she'll break your heart", according to Stereogum's Tom Breihan.[15] "Who's That Girl" is one of Madonna's songs that reference her thoughts about "'girlhood' as powerfully productive", as noted by Santiago Fouz-Hernández and Freya Jarman-Ivens, authors of Madonna's Drowned Worlds.[16]
Critical reception
Upon release, "Who's That Girl" received generally positive to mixed reviews. Daryl Easlea said it was, "by far and away, the best song of the soundtrack".[6] Rikky Rooksby called it delightful, further adding that it was one of the singer's "best takes on her original music style".[4] On Matthew Rettenmund 's Encyclopedia Madonnica, he classified "Who's That Girl" as a "laid-back, effortlessly haunting" song.[17] On his biography of the singer, J. Randy Taraborrelli described it as "quintessential Madonna [...] funky, sassy and melodic".[18] Stephen Holden, from The New York Times, opined that, "[the movie] may not have burned up the box office, but [...] Madonna's bilingual title song has the buoyant bounce of an acrobat doing somersaults on a trampoline".[19] While Cashbox magazine named it "one of her most compelling musical efforts", Jim Zebora from the Record-Journal opined it was a "joy to hear".[20][12] Robert Matthew-Walker wrote: "if 'light and airy' describes Madonna's performance [in Who's That Girl], such a phrase can also be aptly applied to the title song [...] a delightful mixture of English and Spanish/Puerto Rican [...] a generous compliment to mid-1980s New York".[21]
"[...] written solely for the purpose of promoting her lead role in the film of the same name [...] 'Who's That Girl', in many ways, represents two significant aspects of Madonna's career: 1. The side that sees her desperately trying to win the admiration of fellow thespians; and 2. Her ability to write and record wonderful thematic songs that oftentimes eclipse the movie for which they were written".
—PopMatters' Enio Chola's review of "Who's That Girl" on the magazine's ranking of Madonna's 15 best songa.[22]
The song's similarity to "La Isla Bonita", was both praised and criticized. Billboard's Andrew Unterberger pointed out that both songs share a "contagious chorus and sparkling production".[23] Rolling Stone's Vince Aletti said that, "bobbing up in the wake of 'Isla', ['Who's That Girl'] grabs hold with its bright bilingual chant".[24] An opinion that was shared by Joe Brown, from The Washington Post, who added that, "truth be told, her Berlitz treatment does render the repetitiveness of the lyrics more lilting".[25] Louis Virtel, writing for The Backlot, opined that, "although [Madonna]'d give us a more timeless tune in that vein, 'Who’s That Girl?' is still a sexy little tribute to those minxes you just can’t catch up with".[26] Similarly, Joe Morgan from Gay Star News said that, despite not being "the best time [Madonna] was influenced by Spain, it certainly [isn't] the worst [...] [it's] a great fun song".[27] Both The Guardian's Jude Rogers and Entertainment Weekly's Chuck Arnold deemed it inferior to "La Isla Bonita", nonetheless, the latter also deemed it a "tropical delight [...] pure enchantment".[28][29]
Despite pointing out its "slick and strong" beats, Tom Breihan called "Who's That Girl" mediocre and uninspired, adding that it sounded as if "[Madonna and Leonard] had taken everything they'd just done on 'La Isla Bonita' and hit[ting] repeat".[15] The singer's vocals were criticized by Brown for being "electronically speeded up, smoothed, sweetened and split into Chipmunk harmonies [...] she comes out sounding like a computer-generated clone".[25] Breihan added that she did not sound "comfortable or fluid" singing in Spanish.[15] For AllMusic, Stephen Thomas Erlewine felt the song wasn't among Madonna's best work and called it forgettable.[30] On a similar note, it was named Madonna's "least-remembered No. 1" by Matthew Jacobs from the HuffPost.[31] The staff of The A.V. Club added that, "only hardcore fans [will] remember this lightweight [...] less ponderous sequel to 'La Isla Bonita'".[32] "Who's That Girl" was nominated for Best Original Song at the 45th Golden Globe Awards, and for the Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media at the 30th ceremony.[33][34]
Commercial performance
"Who's That Girl" debuted on the US Billboard Hot 100 at number 43 the week of July 11, 1987, becoming Madonna's 12th consecutive single to be named the week's top new entry.[35][36] After it reached the chart's seventh spot on August 8, and gave the singer her 13th consecutive top 10 hit, it tied her with Lionel Richie as the singer with the longest string of consecutive top 10 hits in the 1980s decade up until that point.[37] "Who's That Girl" reached the Hot 100's first position on August 22.[38] As Madonna's sixth number one single, it gave her several records: she surpassed Lionel Richie, Hall & Oates, and Phill Collins as the artist with the most number one hits in the 1980s;[39] she became one of only two female singers to score this amount of number ones ―and the only one to do it as a solo artist (Diana Ross had also scored six number ones, but one of those was a duet with Richie), and was her third number one from a movie, following "Crazy for You" ―from Vision Quest (1985)― and "Live to Tell" ―from At Close Range.[40] According to Warner Bros. Records executive Lou Dennis, "Who's That Girl" was the best-selling cassette single from the label up at that point.[41] The single peaked within the top five positions of the Adult Contemporary chart.[42] "Who's That Girl" came in at numbers 42 and 48 on the official Billboard year-end chart and Dance year-end chart, respectively.[43] In Canada, "Who's That Girl" debuted on the 83rd position of RPM's Top Singles chart on the week of July 11, 1987 and, one month later, it peaked at number one.[44][45]
In Music & Media's European Airplay Top 50, "Who's That Girl" debuted at number 3 on July 18, 1987, the highest entry in the chart's history according to the magazine;[46] It topped the chart by August 8, and remained on that position for two weeks,[47][48] her seventh number one there and "another unique achievement".[49] It peaked at number two, just behind Michael Jackson and Siedah Garrett's "I Just Can't Stop Loving You", on the European Hot 100 Singles chart.[50] "Who's That Girl" found success elsewhere: it reached the first position in Belgium,[51] Denmark,[49] Ireland,[52] and Italy.[49] In the latter country, it spent 11 consecutive weeks at the top of the Musica e dischi charts, and was the year's best-selling single.[53][54] In the United Kingdom, "Who's That Girl" debuted at the third position of the UK Singles Chart on July 18, and, one week later, reached the first spot, becoming Madonna's fifth number one there; it spent 10 weeks on the chart overall, and was certified silver by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI).[55][56] According to Music Week magazine, over 376,498 copies of the single have been sold in the United Kingdom as of 2008.[57] It peaked within the top 5 of the charts in Germany,[58] Sweden,[59] Switzerland,[60] and New Zealand.[61] In Australia, "Who's That Girl" reached the top 10.[62]
Music video
Background and synopsis
Peter Rosenthal directed the music video for "Who's That Girl", which was shot over two days at A&M Soundstages in Hollywood, California.[63] Production was in charge of James Foley and Joel Stillman for Broadcast Arts Inc.[64] It alternates footage from Who's That Girl, with scenes of Madonna decked out as a "hip Latina", with an oversized grey jacket over a black bustier, short pants, pork pie hat, and spiky brown hair.[9][17][65]
It begins with Madonna entering a park, catching the attention of a man and a group of children. Interspersed footage of her singing the track, wandering around the park, and scenes of the movie, play next. The kids and the man then take her to a darkened room, where she meets a fortune teller; the woman shows Madonna the High Priestess tarot card, which displays a caricature of her character Nikki Finn. The singer looks up and discovers the woman's disappeared; she then finds a key to a chest containing a shiny white crystal, which reflects an animated sequence of the Nikki Finn caricature. The man and the children show up again, and the video ends with them dancing "adoringly" with Madonna.[17]
Release and reception
"Who's That Girl" premiered on MTV the week of July 4, 1987, and was one of the year's most heavily rotated clips on European television.[66][67] Years later, "Who's That Girl" was included on Madonna's 2009 compilation Celebration: The Video Collection.[10] Upon release, critical reviews ranged from positive to mixed; Matthew Rettenmund compared the singer's appearance in the video to that of Michael Jackson, and applauded the clip for being "movie-plugging", yet strong enough to "stand[s] alone".[17] Nonetheless, he noted that it was "rarely played" the years following its release.[17] From website This Is Dig!, Mark Elliot also compared the singer's look to Jackson's and praised the "charming, low-key" video.[68] Elliot also noted nods to the Pied Piper of Hamelin, a character he felt Madonna had already referenced on her music video for "Open Your Heart" (1986).[68] In High Concept: Movies and Marketing in Hollywood, author Justin Wyatt pointed out that, throughout the clip, "Madonna, the singer, gazes longingly at Madonna, the comedienne/actress".[69]
A less favorable review came from Vincent Canby, writing for The New York Times; according to him, the video's purpose was to promote the film, but ended up showcasing "everything that's least attractive about it".[70] Canby was also critical of the persona Madonna adopted for the clip, comparing it negatively to her comedic performance in the movie: "It appeals neither to people who've never seen her before nor to anyone who's admired the sometimes brazenly erotic and funny performer [she] is in her best music videos", he concluded.[70]
Live performances and covers
Madonna has performed the song on two of her concert tours: Who's That Girl (1987) and Rebel Heart (2015―2016). On the first one, it was sung as the concert's first encore;[24] the singer wore a bright red flamenco dress, and sang the track assisted by her backup singers Niki Haris, Donna De Lory, and Debra Parson.[71][72] At the end of the performance, she stepped out to the front of the darkened stage and sang the phrase Who's that girl repeatedly in a "sad chant that became increasingly self-absorbed and haunting".[24] The number was deemed one of the concert's weaker moments by The Washington Post's Richard Harrington.[73] Two different performances can be found on the videos Who's That Girl: Live in Japan and Ciao Italia: Live from Italy, filmed in Tokyo on June and in Turin on September, respectively.[74][72]
An acoustic rendition of "Who's That Girl", complete with "call-and-response exchanges" with the audience, was done on the singer's Rebel Heart Tour.[75] The number featured Day of the Dead iconography and found Madonna playing guitar.[76][77] After finishing the song, she said: "I'm still trying to figure out who I am after all these years [...] Does anyone ever really know?".[78] For Rollling Stone's Rob Sheffield, "Who's That Girl" was the evening's "emotional highlight".[79]
In 1998, the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra made an instrumental version of the song for Material Girl: RPO Plays Music of Madonna.[80] One year later, a sound-alike cover was done by The Countdown Singers, which was included on Hit Parade of 80's, Vol. 2.[81] American band The Bubonic Plague recorded a synth-pop rendition of "Who's That Girl" for the tribute album Through the Wilderness (2007);[15] this cover was criticized by Pitchfork's Stephen M. Deusner, who deemed it uninspired and felt was "beyond Bubonic Plague's ability to salvage it".[82] In 2021, the song was sampled by Dutch DJs Joe Stone and Jack Wins on their song "Light Up My Life"; Madonna herself approved of the sampling.[83]
Formats and track listing
|
|
Credits and personnel
- Madonna – lyrics, producer, vocals
- Patrick Leonard – lyrics, producer
- Michael Barbiero – additional production, audio mixing
- Steve Thompson – additional production, audio mixing
Credits adapted from the Who's That Girl soundtrack liner notes.[11]
Charts
Weekly charts
|
Year-end charts
Decade-end charts
|
Certifications and sales
Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
---|---|---|
Canada | — | 40,000[120] |
France (SNEP)[121] | Gold | 500,000* |
Japan (Oricon Charts) | — | 35,650[95] |
United Kingdom (BPI)[56] | Silver | 376,498[57] |
United States Vinyl single & Cassette single |
— | 446,000 + 105,000[41] |
* Sales figures based on certification alone. |
References
- 1 2 Breihan, Tom (March 8, 2021). "The Number Ones: Madonna's "Who's That Girl". Stereogum. Retrieved November 5, 2023.
Madonna had been flirting with Latin pop and style since she first showed up on the scene, but "Who's That Girl" came out at the moment when she was really going all-in on that stuff...It's just a generic, competent example of the kind of dance-pop that was popping back then.
- 1 2 Morton 2002, p. 143
- ↑ Koopmans 2003, p. 66
- 1 2 3 4 5 Rooksby 2004, pp. 68–69
- 1 2 3 4 Bronson 2003, p. 780
- 1 2 3 Easlea & Fiegel 2012, pp. 65–66
- ↑ Bego 2000, p. 184
- ↑ "New Releases" (PDF). Music & Media. 4 (25): 11. June 27, 1987. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 15, 2020. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
- 1 2 "Madonna.com > Discography > Who's That Girl". Icon: Official Madonna Website. Archived from the original on February 1, 2014. Retrieved March 26, 2023.
- 1 2 "'Celebration' - Track listing for CD & DVD announced". Icon: Official Madonna website. August 25, 2009. Archived from the original on January 2, 2010. Retrieved January 25, 2022.
- 1 2 Madonna (1987). Who's That Girl: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (Liner notes). Warner Bros. Records. 925611-2.
- 1 2 Zebora, Jim (August 2, 1987). "Madonna's talent commands attention". Record-Journal. Archived from the original on January 13, 2023. Retrieved March 26, 2023.
- ↑ Wolf, Erika (July 17, 2022). "Señorita más fina: Madonna's 'Who's That Girl' soundtrack tusn 35 - Anniversary retrospective". Albumism. Archived from the original on July 17, 2022. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
- ↑ Ciccone, Madonna (2 August 2010). "Who's That Girl - Digital Sheet Music". Alfred Music. Archived from the original on July 26, 2015. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
- 1 2 3 4 Breihan, Tom (March 8, 2021). "The number ones: Madonna's 'Who's That Girl'". Stereogum. Archived from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved March 26, 2023.
- ↑ Fouz-Hernández & Jarman-Ivens 2004, p. 22
- 1 2 3 4 5 Rettenmund 1995, p. 190
- ↑ Taraborrelli 2002, p. 135
- ↑ Holden, Stephen (August 21, 1987). "Pop and Jazz guide". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 30, 2013. Retrieved March 26, 2023.
- ↑ "Single Releases" (PDF). Cash Box. 51 (2): 9. July 4, 1987. Retrieved March 26, 2003.
- ↑ Matthew-Walker 1991, p. 127
- ↑ Chola, Enio (February 8, 2012). "15 best Madonna songs of all time". PopMatters. Archived from the original on August 7, 2020. Retrieved December 23, 2022.
- ↑ "The 100 greatest Madonna songs: Critics' picks". Billboard. August 15, 2018. Archived from the original on November 19, 2021. Retrieved January 21, 2023.
- 1 2 3 Rolling Stone Press 1997, p. 76
- 1 2 Brown, Joe (September 2, 1987). "The Miami Movement". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 26, 2023.
- ↑ Virtel, Louis (March 2, 2013). "The 100 greatest Madonna songs". The Backlot. Archived from the original on October 20, 2015. Retrieved June 21, 2022.
- ↑ Morgan, Joe (August 15, 2014). "The definitive ranking of Madonna's top 55 songs". Gay Star News. Archived from the original on August 18, 2014. Retrieved July 9, 2022.
- ↑ Jude, Rogers (August 16, 2018). "Every one of Madonna's 78 singles – ranked!". The Guardian. Archived from the original on August 16, 2018. Retrieved January 28, 2022.
- ↑ Arnold, Chuck (August 15, 2018). "Madonna's 60 best singles, ranked". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on August 15, 2018. Retrieved January 28, 2022.
- ↑ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas (July 21, 1987). "Madonna > Who's That Girl [Original Motion Picture Soundtrack] > Overview". AllMusic. Retrieved March 26, 2023.
- ↑ Jacobs, Matthew (March 10, 2015). "The definitive ranking of Madonna singles". HuffPost. Archived from the original on April 6, 2019. Retrieved January 28, 2022.
- ↑ Diaz, Erick; Gillies, Drew; Gilchrist, Todd (August 18, 2022). "Get into the groove: ranking Madonna's #1 songs - Who's That Girl (1987)". The A.V. Club. Archived from the original on August 18, 2022. Retrieved March 26, 2023.
- ↑ "Golden Globe Awards: Winners & Nominees 1988". Golden Globe Awards. Retrieved March 26, 2023.
- ↑ "30th Annual GRAMMY Awards". The Recording Academy. Retrieved March 26, 2023.
- ↑ "The Hot 100: Week of July 11, 1987". Billboard. July 11, 1987. Retrieved March 31, 2023.
- ↑ Grein, Paul (July 11, 1987). "Heart finds it lonely at the top; controversy doesn't hurt Michael hit" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 99, no. 28. p. 6. ISSN 0006-2510. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 29, 2023. Retrieved March 31, 2023.
- ↑ Grein, Paul (August 8, 1987). "Michael Jackson single bows at no. 37; highest debut since Madonna in '85" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 99, no. 32. p. 6. ISSN 0006-2510. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 29, 2023. Retrieved March 31, 2023.
- 1 2 "Madonna Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
- ↑ DeKnock, Jan (August 21, 1987). "Madonna soars to the top of the charts for the sixth time". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on January 23, 2019. Retrieved March 31, 2023.
- ↑ Grein, Paul (August 22, 1987). "Madonna claims most no. 1s in '80s; Bon Jovi LP finally slips out of top 10" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 99, no. 34. p. 10. ISSN 0006-2510. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 29, 2023. Retrieved March 31, 2023.
- 1 2 White, Adam (October 2, 1987). "Music: Compact Data" (PDF). Radio & Records (706): 26. ISSN 0277-4860. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 29, 2023. Retrieved March 31, 2023.
- 1 2 "Madonna Chart History (Adult Contemporary)". Billboard. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
- 1 2 3 "The Year in Music: 1987" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 99, no. 52. December 26, 1978. pp. Y-22 and y-30. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved March 31, 2023.
- ↑ "Top Singles - Volume 46, No. 14 Jul 11, 1987". RPM. Library and Archives Canada. July 11, 1987. Archived from the original on April 1, 2019. Retrieved March 31, 2023.
- 1 2 "Top RPM Singles: Issue 0853." RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
- ↑ Bakker, Machgiel (July 18, 1987). "Madonna - What a girl!" (PDF). Music & Media. 4 (28): 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 31, 2023. Retrieved March 31, 2023.
- 1 2 "European Airplay Top 50" (PDF). Music & Media. 4 (37): 9. August 8, 1987. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 15, 2020. Retrieved March 31, 2023.
- ↑ "European Airplay Top 50" (PDF). Music & Media. 4 (32): 4. August 15, 1987. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 23, 2020. Retrieved March 31, 2023.
- 1 2 3 4 5 "Singles Guide" (PDF). Music & Media. 4 (31): 15. August 8, 1987. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 15, 2020. Retrieved March 31, 2023.
- 1 2 "European Hot 100 Singles" (PDF). Music & Media. 4 (37): 9. September 19, 1987. Retrieved March 31, 2023.
- 1 2 "Madonna – Who's That Girl" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
- 1 2 "The Irish Charts – Search Results – Who's That Girl". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
- ↑ "Classifiche". Musica e Dischi (in Italian). Archived from the original on December 1, 2016. Retrieved May 29, 2022. Set "Tipo" on "Singoli". Then, in the "Artista" field, search "Madonna".
- 1 2 3 4 "Top Sellers 1987" (PDF). Music & Media. 5 (11): 25. March 12, 1988. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 23, 2020. Retrieved March 31, 2023.
- 1 2 "Madonna: Artist Chart History". Official Charts Company. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
- 1 2 "British single certifications – Madonna – Who's That Girl". British Phonographic Industry.
- 1 2 Jones, Alan (August 19, 2008). "The immaculate guide to 50 years of Madonna". Music Week. Archived from the original on September 11, 2008. Retrieved January 27, 2022.
- 1 2 "Madonna – Who's That Girl" (in German). GfK Entertainment charts. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
- 1 2 "Madonna – Who's That Girl". Singles Top 100. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
- 1 2 "Madonna – Who's That Girl". Swiss Singles Chart. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
- 1 2 "Madonna – Who's That Girl". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
- 1 2 Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992. Australian Chart Book, St Ives, N.S.W. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.
- ↑ Rolling Stone Press 1997, p. 261
- ↑ "Video Music > New Videoclips" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 99, no. 25. June 20, 1987. p. 55. ISSN 0006-2510. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 29, 2023. Retrieved March 26, 2003.
- ↑ Andrews 2022, p. 67
- ↑ "MTV Programming" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 99, no. 27. July 4, 1987. p. 57. ISSN 0006-2510. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 29, 2023. Retrieved March 26, 2003.
- ↑ Inglis, Cathy (December 26, 1987). "Euroclips 1987: Limelight & vivid rule the screens" (PDF). Music & Media. 4 (51/52): 7. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved July 9, 2022.
- 1 2 Elliot, Mark (July 21, 2022). "Who's That Girl: Behind Madonna's sure-fire soundtrack smash". This Is Dig!. Archived from the original on July 21, 2022. Retrieved March 26, 2023.
- ↑ Wyatt 1994, p. 45
- 1 2 Canby, Vincent (August 23, 1987). "Film View; in search of Madonna's persona". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 1, 2018. Retrieved March 26, 2023.
- ↑ Voller 1999, p. 29
- 1 2 Madonna (1988). Ciao Italia: Live from Italy (VHS). Warner Home Video.
- ↑ Harrington, Richard (July 3, 1987). "Madonna's star turn at RFK". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on April 23, 2020. Retrieved July 4, 2022.
- ↑ Madonna (1987). Who's That Girl: Live in Japan (VHS). Warner Home Video.
- ↑ Cinquemani, Sal (September 21, 2015). "10 Things I learned at Madonna's Rebel Heart Tour". Slant Magazine. Archived from the original on July 10, 2022. Retrieved January 27, 2022.
- ↑ Naedham, Alex (September 17, 2015). "Madonna at Madison Square Garden review – 'There is no other performer like her'". The Guardian. Archived from the original on September 17, 2015. Retrieved December 23, 2022.
- ↑ Stevenson, Jane (October 5, 2015). "Madonna puts on rebellious show for Toronto fans". Toronto Sun. Archived from the original on June 24, 2018. Retrieved December 23, 2022.
- ↑ Savage, Mark (December 2, 2015). "Madonna returns to scene of Brits fall". BBC. Archived from the original on December 5, 2015. Retrieved December 4, 2015.
- ↑ Sheffield, Rob (September 17, 2015). "Bitch, she's Madonna: NYC stop showcases genius of Rebel Heart Tour". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on September 20, 2015. Retrieved March 26, 2023.
- ↑ Hill, Melinda (October 20, 1998). "Royal Philharmonic Orchestra >Material Girl: RPO Plays Music of Madonna > Overview". AllMusic. Retrieved March 26, 2023.
- ↑ "Various Aartists > Hit Parade of 80's, Vol. 2 > Overview". AllMusic. October 12, 1999. Retrieved March 26, 2023.
- ↑ Deusner, Stephen M. (November 30, 2007). "Various Artists - Through the Wilderness: A Tribute To Madonna". Pitchfork. Archived from the original on July 9, 2009. Retrieved March 26, 2023.
- ↑ Smith, Dylan (May 28, 2021). "Jack Wins and Joe Stone collide on the brilliant 'Light Up My Life'!". EDM House Network. Archived from the original on June 14, 2021. Retrieved March 26, 2023.
- ↑ Who's That Girl (UK 7-inch Single liner notes). Madonna. Sire Records. 1987. W 8341.
{{cite AV media notes}}
: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) - ↑ Who's That Girl (UK 12-inch Single liner notes). Madonna. Sire Records. 1987. W8341T.
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: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) - ↑ Who's That Girl (UK 12-inch Picture Disc liner notes). Madonna. Sire Records. 1987. W8341TP.
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: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) - ↑ Who's That Girl (US 12-inch Single liner notes). Madonna. Sire Records. 1987. 0-20692.
{{cite AV media notes}}
: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) - ↑ Who's That Girl (UK 12-inch Single liner notes). Madonna. Sire Records. 1987. W 8341 (TX).
{{cite AV media notes}}
: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) - ↑ Who's That Girl (German CD Single liner notes). Madonna. Sire Records. 1987. 7599 20692-2.
{{cite AV media notes}}
: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) - ↑ "Madonna – Who's That Girl" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
- ↑ "Top 3 in Europe" (PDF). Music & Media. 4 (32). August 15, 1987. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 23, 2020. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
- ↑ "Madonna – Who's That Girl" (in French). Les classement single. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
- ↑ "Top 3 in Europe" (PDF). Music & Media. 4 (42): 20. October 24, 1987. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 21, 2020. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
- ↑ "Topp 10 - RÁS II". DV (in Icelandic). 187 (77): 43. August 21, 1987. Archived from the original on January 29, 2023. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
- 1 2 Oricon Album Chart Book: Complete Edition 1970–2005. Roppongi, Tokyo: Oricon Charts. 2006. ISBN 4-87131-077-9.
- ↑ "Nederlandse Top 40 – Madonna" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
- ↑ "Madonna – Who's That Girl" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
- ↑ "Madonna – Who's That Girl". VG-lista. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
- ↑ "Top 3 in Europe" (PDF). Music & Media. 4 (40): 22. October 10, 1987. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 15, 2020. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
- ↑ "SA Charts 1965 - 1989: Acts M". Rock.co.za. Archived from the original on September 27, 2018. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
- ↑ "Top World Charts" (PDF). Pelo: 22. 1987. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 27, 2020. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
- ↑ "Madonna Chart History (Dance Club Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
- ↑ "Madonna Chart History (Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
- ↑ "Official Physical Singles Chart Top 100: 20 May 2022 - 26 May 2022". Official Charts Company. Archived from the original on May 27, 2022. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
- ↑ "Single Top 40 slágerlista" (in Hungarian). MAHASZ. Archived from the original on December 7, 2022. Retrieved October 18, 2023.
- ↑ "Australian Music Report: National Top 100 singles for 1987". Kent Music Report. December 28, 1987. Archived from the original on July 30, 2020. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
- ↑ "Jaaroverzichten 1987" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Archived from the original on June 12, 2020. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
- ↑ "Top Singles - Volume 47, No. 12, December 26 1987". RPM. Library and Archives Canada. December 26, 1987. Archived from the original on October 14, 2012. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
- ↑ "Top - 1987" (in French). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique (SNEP). Archived from the original on January 6, 2014. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
- ↑ "Offizielle Deutsche Charts 1987" (in German). GfK Entertainment. Archived from the original on May 9, 2015. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
- ↑ "Top 100-Jaaroverzicht van 1987" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40. Archived from the original on December 20, 2014. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
- ↑ "Jaaroverzichten 1987" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Archived from the original on October 19, 2012. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
- ↑ "Official Top 40 Singles". Official New Zealand Music Chart. Archived from the original on May 12, 2021. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
- ↑ "Topp 20 Single Sommer 1987" (in Norwegian). VG-lista. Archived from the original on September 16, 2016. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
- ↑ "Schweizer Jahreshitparade 1987" (in German). Swiss Music Charts. Hung Medien. Archived from the original on January 10, 2014. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
- ↑ Copsey, Rob (April 23, 2021). "The Official Top 40 best-selling songs of 1987". Official Charts Company. Archived from the original on April 24, 2021. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
- ↑ Copsey, Rob (April 23, 2021). "The Official Top 40 best-selling songs of 1987". Official Charts Company. Archived from the original on April 24, 2021. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
- ↑ Griffiths, George (January 4, 2023). "The Official Top 40 Best-Selling Vinyl Albums and Singles of 2022". Official Charts Company. Archived from the original on January 4, 2023. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
- ↑ "Decenniumlijst: 80's" (in German). Dutch Top 40. Archived from the original on July 13, 2014. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
- ↑ "Madonna and La Bamba fire up WEA week" (PDF). RPM. Vol. 46, no. 19. August 15, 1987. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 24, 2021. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
- ↑ "French single certifications – Madonna – Who's That Girl" (in French). InfoDisc. Retrieved May 29, 2015. Select MADONNA and click OK.
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