Wenilo[lower-alpha 1] (died 865) was the archbishop of Sens[lower-alpha 2] from 836 or 837. Prior to becoming bishop, Wenilo was a palatine chaplain. As bishop, he was one of the leading men in Aquitaine and crowned Charles the Bald king in 848, definitively uniting Aquitaine with West Francia. In 858, he supported the East Frankish invasion and was denounced as a traitor by the king. They reconciled the next year, and Wenilo retained his office until his death. Nevertheless, he passed into legend as Ganelon, the archvillain of the Matter of France, his name a byword for "traitor".

Bishop of Charles the Bald

Wenilo was a chaplain at the court of Charles the Bald before his appointment to the archbishopric.[2] At his subsequent trial for treason, Charles reminded the assembled bishops how

a part of the realm was assigned me by my lord and father ... and in it the metropolitan see of Sens then lacked a pastor. For its good government, I commended it to Wenilo, who was at that time serving me as a clerk in my chapel.[3]

When Charles's father, the Emperor Louis the Pious, died in 840, civil war broke out between Charles and his brothers, Lothair I and Louis the German. Wenilo supported Charles, allowing him to appoint his own choice of abbot at Fleury and at Ferrières.[4] The new abbot of the latter, Lupus, had a personal correspondence with Wenilo.[5] Wenilo was also the recipient of the Epistola tractoria ad Wenilonem by Prudentius of Troyes, whom he knew from the court of Louis the Pious in the 830s.[lower-alpha 3]

In June 845, Wenilo and his suffragans, alongside the archbishops Hincmar of Reims and Rodulf of Bourges and their suffragans, attended a great assembly at Meaux to advise the "most devout prince" Charles.[6] On 25 March 848, while celebrating Easter in Limoges, the magnates and prelates of the Kingdom of Aquitaine formally elected Charles the Bald as their king. He was consecrated there in May.[7] Later, at Orléans, he was anointed and crowned by Wenilo of Sens.[8] The initiative in this ceremony perhaps came from Hincmar of Reims, who had been consecrated by Wenilo, and who composed several liturgies for coronations and anointings.[7]

It is recorded that Wenilo took an annual tribute of "one horse and a shield and lance" from the monastery of Saint-Rémy in Sens.[9] The source for this is a letter of Aldric of Le Mans to the church of Sens, in which Aldric says that such an annual tribute was exacted from "the abbot of the same place". Aldric did not consider this oppressive.[10]

Treason, trial and reconciliation

In March 858, at Quierzy-sur-Oise, Charles met his nephew, Lothair II, to affirm their alliance. He also took oaths of fidelity from some of his major subjects. Wenilo, on account of illness, was unable to attend, but signed the oaths later.[11] Shortly after that,[lower-alpha 4] Louis the German invaded Charles's kingdom and moved on Sens to "receive those Aquitainians, Neustrians and also Bretons who had pledged to come over to him". Wenilo was one of them: he brought Louis considerable military support,[12] along with Count Odo of Troyes.[13] Louis may have hoped to be anointed in Charles's place by the one who had anointed him, but Louis did not.[14] In the end there was very little fighting, Charles rallied his supporters in Burgundy and Louis was forced to withdraw. At Jouy on 15 January 859, Charles declared victory. Charles personally denounced Wenilo as a traitor and threatened to depose him on 14 June 859.[15] Wenilo reconciled with the king before the end of the year.[16]

A published account of Charles's denunciation, A Proclamation against Wenilo, which appears to be heavily influenced by the ideology of Hincmar of Reims, has survived. It presents the election of 848 as a free election to a vacant office, and denies that anybody but the bishops who took part in Charles's anointing can stand in judgement over him.[17] The chief complaint against Wenilo was that he had given his "solace" (solatium)[lower-alpha 5] to Louis rather than to the one to whom it was owed.[18] Charles specifically credits the other bishops (and implicitly their "solaces") with helping him recover his position after Wenilo's treachery.[18] He also accused Wenilo of having "celebrated public masses for my brother ... in my palace of Attigny."[19] This was not an accusation of treason (infidelitas), but of a breach of canon law. Wenilo had performed mass in another diocese with the local bishop's permission, and he had consorted with excommunicates without the consent of his fellow bishops.[19]

Ganelon of the chansons de geste

Scholars agree that Wenilo is the historical basis for the character of the traitor Ganelon (Guenelon) in the late 11th-century Chanson de Roland.[20] The earliest use of the name "Ganelon" as a synonym for "traitor" dates from the mid-13th century.[20] Wenilo's chorbishop (auxiliary bishop) from 847 to 849, Audradus Modicus, also morphed into the villain Hardré or Adradus.[21]

References

Notes
  1. ↑ There are many variants of his name in French: Wenilon, Vénilon, Guenelon, Ganelon. Wanilo is a contemporary Latin variant.
  2. ↑ Sens had seven suffragans at the time.[1]
  3. ↑ The tract addressed to Wenilo concerns Prudentius's controversial opinions on double predestination and the case of Gottschalk of Orbais.
  4. ↑ The invasion began before the end of the siege of Oissel on 23 September.[12]
  5. ↑ The term solatium was a euphemism in use at least since the reign of Childebert II. It referred to the aid that was owed the sovereign in the form of military service, the so-called militia ecclesiae (church militia) raised on church lands.[18]
Citations
  1. ↑ Ullmann 1969, p. 80 n. 4.
  2. ↑ Nelson 1986a, p. 177.
  3. ↑ Nelson 1992, p. 96.
  4. ↑ Nelson 1992, p. 110.
  5. ↑ Nelson 1992, p. 93.
  6. ↑ Nelson 1992, p. 146–47.
  7. 1 2 Nelson 1977, p. 245 n. 4.
  8. ↑ McKitterick 1983, p. 174.
  9. ↑ Reuter 1985, p. 86 n. 60.
  10. ↑ Aldric of Le Mans 1831, p. 267: "Episcopus quoque in exigendis muneribus abbatem ejusdem loci non gravet: sed sufficiat ei ad annua dona equus unus et scutum cum lancea".
  11. ↑ Nelson 1992, p. 186 n. 113.
  12. 1 2 Nelson 1992, p. 188.
  13. ↑ Nelson 1986a, p. 181.
  14. ↑ Bautier 1987, p. 36.
  15. ↑ Bautier 1987, p. 35.
  16. ↑ Nelson 1992, pp. 191–92.
  17. ↑ Ullmann 1969, p. 83, Libellus proclamationis domni Caroli regis adversus Wenilonem
  18. 1 2 3 Nelson 1986b, p. 122–23.
  19. 1 2 McCormick 1984, p. 5 n. 18.
  20. 1 2 Thompson 1923, p. 85.
  21. ↑ Holmes 1955, pp. 77, 79. For Hardré, see the depiction of Radolfus of Tortara.
Sources
  • Aldric of Le Mans (1831). "Epistola II ad Ecclesiam Senonensem". In J. P. Migne (ed.). Patrologiae cursus completus: sive Bibliotheca universalis. Vol. 105. Paris.
  • Bautier, Robert-Henri (1987). "Sacres et couronnements sous les carolingiens et les premiers capétiens: Recherches sur la genèse du sacre royal français". Annuaire-Bulletin de la Société de l'histoire de France: 7–56.
  • Holmes, Urban T. Jr. (1955). "The Post-Bédier Theories on the Origins of the Chansons de Geste". Speculum. 30 (1): 72–81. doi:10.2307/2850039. JSTOR 2850039. S2CID 164047590.
  • McCormick, Michael (1984). "The Liturgy of War in the Early Middle Ages: Crisis, Litanies, and the Carolingian Monarchy". Viator. 15: 1–23. doi:10.1484/J.VIATOR.2.301431.
  • McKitterick, Rosamond (1983). The Frankish Kingdoms under the Carolingians, 751–987. London: Longman.
  • Nelson, J. L. (1977). "Kingship, Law and Liturgy in the Political Thought of Hincmar of Rheims". The English Historical Review. 92 (363): 241–79. doi:10.1093/ehr/xcii.ccclxiii.241.
  • Nelson, J. L. (1986a). "The Annals of St. Bertin". Politics and Ritual in Early Medieval Europe. (First published in Charles the Bald. Court and Kingdom, edited by M. Gibson and J. L. Nelson, BAR International Series, 101 (Oxford: 1981), 15–36). London: Hambledon Press.
  • Nelson, J. L. (1986b). "The Church's Military Service in the Ninth Century: a Contemporary Comparative View?". Politics and Ritual in Early Medieval Europe. (First published in Studies in Church History, 20 (1983), 15–30.). London: Hambledon Press.
  • Nelson, J. L. (1992). Charles the Bald. London: Longman.
  • Reuter, Timothy (1985). "Plunder and Tribute in the Carolingian Empire". Transactions of the Royal Historical Society. Fifth Series. 35: 75–94. doi:10.2307/3679177. JSTOR 3679177.
  • Thompson, James Westfall (1923). "The Origin of the Word 'Goliardi'". Studies in Philology. 20 (1): 83–98.
  • Ullmann, Walter (1969). The Carolingian Renaissance and the Idea of Kingship. London: Methuen.
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