The Warsaw Ghetto Hunger Study was a study taken up by Jewish doctors imprisoned in the Warsaw Ghetto in 1942. The Nazis, intent on starving the ghetto within months, allowed no more than a daily intake of 180 calories per prisoner[1] – less than 1/10th the recommended caloric intake for a healthy human being,[2] while withholding vaccines and medicine that would be necessary to prevent the spread of disease in the dense ghetto.[3] This resulted in a thriving black market which supplied about 80% of the ghetto's food,[1] and a network of 250 soup kitchens operated by the Joint,[4] which at one time had served as many as 100,000 meals per day.[1]

In February 1942 a group of Jewish doctors headed by Israel Milejkowski[5] decided to use the famine, which was out of their control, to study the physiological and psychological effects of hunger.[6] Using smuggled supplies,[3] they commenced on a deep study of the various aspects of hunger: metabolic, cardiovascular, ophthalmological and even immune system changes, to name a few. Despite the lack of resources, the risk of execution (Jews being prohibited by the Nazis from scientific work) and their own poor physical conditions, the 28 doctors[7] managed to keep a strict study protocol including isolation, glycemic load testing, and even pathology.[7]

The study had ended in August 1942 with the Grossaktion Warsaw. The study manuscript was smuggled out of the ghetto and kept by the Polish doctor Witold Eugeniusz Orłowski. Immediately after the end of the war it was published in Polish and French (1946),[8] and then in English in 1979 by Myron Winick of Columbia University.[3]

According to Winick:

...some of the findings were lost, but what remains is still the most extensive investigation of starvation ever carried out. The physicians described the clinical findings in such detail that their description remains the clearest to date... [It] remains a major building block in our understanding of the effects of severe malnutrition on both adults and children. But it is more than that. It is a glimpse into the character of some of the physicians in the Warsaw ghetto.[3]

References

  1. 1 2 3 Megargee, Geoffrey P., ed. (2009). "Warsaw". The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933-1945 (PDF). Vol. 2. Bloomington, Washington, D.C.: Indiana University Press ; In association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. pp. 456–460. ISBN 978-0-253-35328-3.
  2. ↑ "What should my daily intake of calories be?". NHS. 27 June 2018. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Winick, Myron (2014). "Jewish medical resistance in the Warsaw Ghetto". In Michael A. Grodin (ed.). Jewish medical resistance in the Holocaust. New York ; Oxford: Berghahn Books. pp. 93–105. ISBN 978-1-78238-417-5. JSTOR j.ctt9qd80j.11.
  4. ↑ "In Memoriam: David Guzik". JDC Archives. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
  5. ↑ "Dr. Israel Milejkowski, a Jewish physician and civic activist in Warsaw". Ghetto Fighters House Archives. Retrieved 27 September 2019.
  6. ↑ Engelking, Barbara (2002). Holocaust and memory: the experience of the Holocaust and its consequences: an investigation based on personal narratives. London: Leicester University Press, in association with the European Jewish Publication Society. pp. 110–111. ISBN 9780567342775. OCLC 741690863.
  7. 1 2 Winick, Myron; Osnos, Martha (1979). "Hunger disease: studies by the Jewish physicians in the Warsaw Ghetto". Annals of Internal Medicine. Wiley. 92 (6): 878. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-92-6-878_4. PMC 1437181.
  8. ↑ Apfelbaum, Emil (1946). Choroba głodowa: Badania kliniczne nad głodem wykonane w getcie warszawskim z roku 1942 (in Polish). Warsaw: American Joint Distribution Committee. OCLC 474722783.

See also

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