Beginning of the Gospel of Mark on a page from the Codex Amiatinus.

The Vulgate (/ˈvʌlɡeɪt, -ɡət/) is a late-4th-century Latin translation of the Bible, largely edited by Jerome, which functioned as the Catholic Church's de facto standard version during the Middle Ages. The original Vulgate produced by Jerome around 382 has been lost, but texts of the Vulgate have been preserved in numerous manuscripts, albeit with many textual variants.

Vulgate manuscripts differ from Vetus Latina manuscripts, which are handwritten copies of the earliest Latin-language Bible translations known as the "Vetus Latina" or "Old Latin", originating from multiple translators before Jerome's late-4th-century Vulgate. Vetus Latina and Vulgate manuscripts continued to be copied alongside each other until the Late Middle Ages; many copies of (parts of) the Bible have been found using a mixture of Vetus Latina and Vulgate readings. Manuscripts of the Vulgate, together with the Codex Vaticanus, formed the basis of the printed Sixto-Clementine Vulgate in 1592, which became the Catholic Church's officially promulgated Latin version of the Bible.

History

Though the Vulgate exists in many forms, a number of early manuscripts containing or reflecting the Vulgate survive today. Dating from the 8th century, the Codex Amiatinus is the earliest surviving manuscript of the complete Vulgate Bible. The Codex Fuldensis, dating from around 547, contains most of the New Testament in the Vulgate version, but the four gospels are harmonized into a continuous narrative derived from the Diatessaron.

Alcuin of York oversaw efforts to make an improved Vulgate, which most argue he presented to Charlemagne in 801. He concentrated mainly on correcting inconsistencies of grammar and orthography, many of which were in the original text. More scholarly attempts were made by Theodulphus, Bishop of Orléans (787?–821); Lanfranc, Archbishop of Canterbury (1070–1089); Stephen Harding, Abbot of Cîteaux (1109–1134); and Deacon Nicolaus Maniacoria (mid-12th century). The University of Paris, the Dominicans, and the Franciscans following Roger Bacon assembled lists of correctoria; approved readings where variants had been noted.[1]

List of manuscripts

Old Testament

List of some manuscripts from the Stuttgart Vulgate (officially known as Biblia Sacra iuxta vulgatam versionem) with siglum from the same source; no name means the Stuttgart Vulgate did not give it a name, no provenance means the Stuttgart Vulgate did not give it a provenance:

Old Testament manuscripts sigla per Biblia Sacra iuxta vulgatam versionem[2]
Sigla Name Approx. date Prov.ContentCustodian
D — 8th centuryLugdunumSam, Rg, PaMunicipal Lib. of Lyon
D —8th centuryNorthumbriaJobRussian National Lib.
F —8th centuryGaulDeut–RuthNational Lib. of France
F Psalt. Corbeiense triplex8th century—Ps (G&H)Russian National Lib.
G Pentateuchus Turonensis6th-7th century—Gen–NumNational Lib. of France
G Sangermanensis9th century—Par, Esr, Est, Prv, Sap, Sir National Lib. of France
H Cathach S. Columbae7th centuryHiberniaPsalms (G)Royal Irish Academy
I —10th century—Ps (G&H)Municipal Lib. of Rouen
K —8th centuryItaliaEzra–JobCathedral Lib. of Cologne
K Psalt. Augiense triplex9th centuryAugiaPs (G&H)Baden State Library
L —9th centuryWürzburgDeut–RuthBodleian Library
L —9th centuryLugdunumEzraMunicipal Lib. of Lyon
L Laureshamensis6th-7th centuryItalia merid.Tobit–JobVatican Library
L Psalt. Lugdunense5th-6th centuryLugdunumPsalms (G)Municipal Lib. of Lyon +

National Lib. of France

L —9th centuryToursPsalms (H)British Library
M Maurdramni8th centuryCorbieIos–Rt, Dn–Mal, Mcc, Prv–Sir, Ez Municipal Lib. of Amiens

New Testament

Vulgate of Mark 1:1ff in an illuminated manuscript held at Autun

The list of manuscripts below is based on citations in Novum Testamentum Graece (NA27) and The Greek New Testament (UBS4). Each manuscript is identified first by its siglum (the first column, s., in the table), as given by the critical apparatus of the editions mentioned. These sigla are related to content, so are not unique. For example, the letter S refers to Codex Sangallensis 1395 in the gospels, but to Codex Sangallensis 70 in the Pauline epistles. So sigla need disambiguation. In the table below, this is done by providing a full name. Additionally, the standard unique serial number for each manuscript is provided.

Certain Latin NT manuscripts may present a mixture of Vulgate and various Vetus Latina texts. For example, Codex Sangermanensis (g1 / VL6) is Vetus Latina in sections of the Gospels and Acts, but Vulgate in the Pauline Epistles and Revelation.[3]

New Testament manuscripts sigla per Novum Testamentum Graece, The Greek New Testament, and H.A.G Houghton, The Latin New Testament
Sigla Name Date Contents Custodian City, state Country
ACodex Amiatinus716NT Laurentian LibraryFlorenceItaly
CCodex Cavensis850Gosp–Paul; Rev Archivio della Badia della Santissima TrinitàCava de' TirreniItaly
DCodex Durmachensis650Gospels Trinity College, DublinDublinIreland
FCodex Fuldensis541–546NT Hochschul- und Landesbibliothek FuldaFuldaGermany
GCodex Sangermanensis850NT BnFParisFrance
ICodex Iuvenianus, Codex Vallicellianus700–800Acts, Catholic Epistles, Revelation Biblioteca Vallicelliana B.25II(in Italian)RomeItaly
KCodex Aug. perg. 185850Paul and Catholic Epistles Baden State LibraryKarlsruheGermany
LLectionarium Luxoviense700General
MCodex Mediolanensis550Gospels
N—450Gospels Bibliothèque Municipale
National Library of France		Autun
Paris		France
PCodex Spalatensis600Gospels
RCodex Reginensis750Paul Vatican LibraryVatican CityVatican City
R—600General Biblioteca CapitolareVeronaItaly
SCodex Sangallensis 1395450Gospels Abbey of St. GallSt. GallenSwitzerland
SCodex Sangallensis 2750Acts; Rev Abbey of St. GallSt. GallenSwitzerland
SCodex Sangallensis 70750Paul Abbey of St. GallSt. GallenSwitzerland
SCodex Sangallensis 907750General Abbey of St. GallSt. GallenSwitzerland
TCodex Toletanus950Old Testament–NT National Library of SpainMadridSpain
ZCodex Harleianus550Gospels British LibraryLondonUnited Kingdom
ΘCodex Theodulphianus950Old Testament–NT Bibliothèque nationale de FranceParisFrance
ΛCodex Legionensis650Acts–Rev Basilica of San IsidoroLeónSpain
Codex Complutensis I927Old Testament–NT Bibl. Univ. Centr. 31MadridSpain
11ACod. M. p. th. f. 67Gospels University of WürzburgWürzburgGermany

Complete bibles

Complete bibles manuscripts sigla per Biblia Sacra iuxta vulgatam versionem, Novum Testamentum Graece and The Greek New Testament
Sigla Name Approx. date Prov. Content Custodian
A[2] Amiatinus 8th century Northumbria Bible Laurentian Library
C[2] Cavensis 9th century Hispania Bible without Cath Monte Cassino
C Codex Complutensis I 927 Madrid Bible Bibl. Univ. Centr. 31
T Codex Toletanus 950 Madrid Bible National Library of Spain
Θ Codex Theodulphianus 950 Paris Bible Bibliothèque nationale de France

See also

References

  1. ↑ Linde, Cornelia (2011). How to correct the Sacra scriptura? Textual criticism of the Latin Bible between the twelfth and fifteenth century. Medium Ævum Monographs 29. Oxford: Society for the Study of Medieval Languages and Literature. ISBN 9780907570226.
  2. 1 2 3 Weber, Robert; Gryson, Roger, eds. (2007). "Index codicum et editionum". Biblia sacra : iuxta Vulgatam versionem. Oliver Wendell Holmes Library, Phillips Academy (5th ed.). Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft. pp. XLIII–XLV. ISBN 978-3-438-05303-9.
  3. ↑ Houghton, Hugh A. G. (2016). The Latin New Testament: A Guide to its Early History, Texts and Manuscripts. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 213. ISBN 978-0-19-874473-3.
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