Visayas-Mindanao Force
Southern Islands Defense Force
ActiveNovember 10, 1941 - March 17, 1942
May 7, 1942 - May 9, 1942
DisbandedMay 9, 1942
CountryPhilippines
AllegianceUnited States Army
BranchArmy, Army Air Force
TypeInfantry, Artillery, Engineers, Quartermasters
RoleTerritorial Defense
Size48,000
Part ofUnited States Army Forces in the Far East
Garrison/HQCamp Casisang, Bukidnon
Del Monte Fields, Bukidnon
Fort San Pedro, Cebu
EquipmentM1935 Transport Trucks

Willy MB Jeeps
M3 Scout Cars
M2 Half Trucks
QF9.25inch Mountain Guns
M1932 Browning .50 Caliber Heavy Machineguns
M1917 Browning .30 Caliber Medium Machineguns (Watercooled)
M1923 Thompson Submachineguns
M1918 Browning Automatic Rifles
M1917 Enfield Bolt Action Rifles
P14 Pattern Enfield Rifles
M1903 Springfield Bolt Action Rifles

M1911 Colt 45 Caliber Pistols
EngagementsBattle of Davao
DecorationsUS Presidential Unit Citation
Philippine Presidential Unit Citation
Battle honoursUS Presidential Unit Citation
Commanders
Notable
commanders		Major General William F. Sharp
Aircraft flown
BomberB17 Boeing Flying Fortress
FighterP40 Curtiss Warhawks
TransportC47 Skymaster

Visayas-Mindanao Force was a military formation created in November 1941 to command all soldiers of US Army, US Philippine Scouts, Philippine Army, and Philippine Constabulary in the southern islands (Visayas and Mindanao) of the Philippines. Colonel William F. Sharp was appointed as commanding general and was promoted to Brigadier General in November 1941 and later Major General. He was just starting to organize his command and train his soldiers into a fighting unit when the war started on December 7, 1941.[1]

General Sharp was ordered to organize the coastal defenses, construct more airfields, recruit, and trained soldiers. He took Colonel John W. Thompson as Chief of Staff and Lieutenant Colonel Archibald Mixson as deputy chief of staff to help him organize the command. Along with Lieutenant Colonel Howard R. Perry as G1, Lieutenant Colonel Charles I. Humber as G2, Lieutenant Colonel W.L. Robinson as G3, and Lieutenant Colonel Robert D. Johnston as G4.

Before war started Visayas-Mindanao Force has 5 Divisions of Philippine Army, 1 Battalion of Philippine Scouts and various Philippine Constabulary personnel. However, 71st and 91st Divisions were ordered to transfer to Luzon Island in November 1941 leaving their last infantry regiment who is still organizing. With only 61st Infantry Division under Brigadier General Bradford Chynoweth located in Panay and Negros, 81st Infantry Division under Brigadier General Guy O. Fort a long time constabulary officer, and 101st Infantry Division under Brigadier General Joseph Vachon which are still undergoing training. General Sharp received another order from General MacArthur to move bulk of his forces to Mindanao along with his headquarters.[2] He moved his headquarters to Del Monte Fields in Bukidnon and brought along 81st Infantry Division Headquarters and assigned to Dansalan in Lanao. He also transferred1st Battalion/82nd Infantry to Davao Area, also ordered to transfer to Mindanao are 61st Infantry Regiment under Lieutenant Colonel Eugene Mitchell, 73rd Infantry Regiment under Lieutenant Colonel Robert Vessey, 61st Field Artillery Regiment under Lieutenant Colonel Hiram Tarkington, and 81st Field Artillery Regiment under Lieutenant Colonel John M. Woodridge. Later Leyte Brigade under Lieutenant Colonel Ben-Hur Chastaine which included 81st Infantry Regiment under Lieutenant Colonel Ruperto Kangleon and 93rd Infantry Regiment under Major John Goldtrap to cover the Northeast area of Mindanao including Northern Davao Province.

First Japanese landing

On December 10, 1941, Muira detachment landed in Davao with the support of 3rd Naval Fleet and Air Forces based in Palau. They were met by forces of 101st Infantry Regiment and 1st Battalion, 82nd Infantry under overall command of sector commander Lieutenant Colonel Roger Hilsman after few skirmishes they were overran and dispersed due to lack of coordination and fire power. Sakaguchi Detachment landed the following week to reinforced the Muira Detachment. When Japanese gained a strong foothold, Sakaguchi Detachment left and landed in Sulu Island in preparation for Japanese invasion of Borneo where much needed oil are found, leaving Muira detachment in Davao area.[3]

Colonel Hilsman 900 strong troops were dispersed to the mountains of Davao and others towards Kabacan. Rogers himself has to endure weeks of hike in the jungle to reach Bukidnon and report back to 101st Division headquarters. Leaving army provincial battalion and constabulary troops harassing Japanese forces. No further major Japanese landings occurred until the fall of Bataan peninsula. Lieutenant Colonel Graves assumed command of Kidapawan-Digos sector.

Split of command

On February 6, 1942, General MacArthur decided to take control of Mindoro and Panay Islands which are nearer to Luzon Island to manage the supply route and delivery of supplies. This made him decide that Visayas Islands should be separated from General Sharp's command. This took effect on the General MacArthur's departure to Australia on March 17, 1942.

Visayan Force

Brigadier General Bradford Chynoweth commander of 61st Division in Panay Island took command of Visayan Force and moved to Cebu, he organized Operation Baus Au in a corps level scale the same strategy while he was commander of 61st Division in Panay Island.[4] General Chynoweth first order of business was to place commanders on Major islands. He promoted Colonel Albert Christie to Brigadier General to assumed command of 61st Division and Panay Island including Romblon and Guimaras. He sent Lieutenant Colonel Carter McClellan commander of 63rd Infantry Regiment to command Negros Island but General Sharp sent Colonel Roger Hilsman who commanded forces in Davao at the start of the hostilities making him more experienced and senior officer than Colonel McClellan. Colonel Hilsman assumed command of Negros Island and Colonel McClellan slide down to be his executive officer. Colonel Irvine Schudder commanded Cebu Island and Colonel Theodore Cornell commanded Leyte and Samar Islands.

After the surrender of Bataan, General Homma has spare forces now to start his campaign in to southern islands. Kawamura detachment invaded Panay Island on April 16, 1942.[5] Kawaguchi detachment invaded Cebu island almost the same day. Due to lack of artillery guns and ammunitions, Japanese easily set its foothold and dispersed Filipino-American forces. Captured all major ports and airfields and bulk of supplies in Cebu, making sure it won't reach beleaguered troops in Corregidor Island. Justice Secretary Jose Abad Santos was captured by the Japanese in Cebu who was making its way to reach Mindanao.

Mindanao Force

General Sharp activated 102nd Division to cover the defense of Northern Mindanao from units coming from Visayas Islands and provincial battalions. He selected Colonel William P. Morse as commander above the Taguloan river. Kawamura Detachment invaded Mindanao thru Northern Mindanao and Kawaguchi Detachment landed Cotabato and Malabang, Lanao. They were met by Filipino-American forces with fierce fighting but in the end the superior weaponry won and lack of artilleries guns and air support made the defenders easily dispersed from their position. General Sharp forces was still fighting and acknowledge he could not hold on much longer and communicated to General MacArthur's headquarters in Australia,

Revert back Visayas-Mindanao Force

Following the fall of Bataan in April 9, Corregidor islands was the focus of Japanese intense operations until May 6. General Wainwright still communicated directly to General Sharp for Visayas and Mindanao forces despite General Chynoweth being equal to General Sharp due to separation of commands. Probably he was not aware of the new command structure. Before General Wainwright moved forward to seek terms of surrender to General Homma Masaharu commander of the 14th Army he released General Sharp from his command and ordered to report directly to General MacArthur.[6] The later insisted no less the surrender of entire Filipino-American forces in the Philippines before he accepts the surrender. General Sharp was forced to abide the order of General Wainwright due to the pressure that forces in the Corregidor are held hostage and will be massacred should he not surrender his forces. He sent emissary Lieutenant Colonel Jessie Traywick to personally deliver his hand written order and ensure this order are carried by General Sharp.[7] In turn Sharp sent emissaries to General Chynoweth commander of Visayan Force and to other commanders in major islands in the Visayas.

Surrender

General Sharp surrendered the entire forces in Visayas and Mindanao to Japanese on May 9, 1941.[8] Before his surrender he already has a plan for the transition of his forces to guerilla units. He allowed send home the new trainees and bury their weapons, he allowed the roster of his forces abjugated . He ordered his remaining forces to report to Camp Casisang in Malaybalay, Bukidnon for the surrender. Few months later American POWs are brought to Luzon and later sent to Japan via Hell ship.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "HyperWar: US Army in WWII: Fall of the Philippines [Chapter 4]". www.ibiblio.org. Retrieved 2023-12-23.
  2. ↑ "HyperWar: US Army in WWII: Fall of the Philippines [Chapter 28]". www.ibiblio.org. Retrieved 2023-12-24.
  3. ↑ Balis, Michael Anthony. The American Influence on the Mindanao Resistance During the Second World War. p. 10.
  4. ↑ Baños, Mike (2020-12-26). "Two Battles for Purple Heart Canyon (1942 & 1945)". Metro Cagayan de Oro. Retrieved 2023-12-23.
  5. ↑ "HyperWar: US Army in WWII: Fall of the Philippines [Chapter 28]". www.ibiblio.org. Retrieved 2023-12-23.
  6. ↑ Tarkington, Hiram. There were others. p. 390.
  7. ↑ "Corregidor Falls". The National WWII Museum Blog. 2012-05-06. Retrieved 2023-12-23.
  8. ↑ "HyperWar: US Army in WWII: Fall of the Philippines [Chapter 32]". www.ibiblio.org. Retrieved 2023-12-23.
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