Vasily Anisimov
Born
Vasily V. Anisimov

19 September 1951
Almaty, Kazakh USSR
EducationAlma-Ata Institute of National Economy
OccupationProperty developer
Spouses
Galina Anisimova
(divorced)
    Ekaterina Anisimova
    (divorced)
    Children4
    Awards
    Websitehttps://www.coalco.ru/en/

    Vasily Anisimov (Russian: Василий Анисимов; born 19 September 1951)[1] is a Kazakh born billionaire businessman who has made his fortune in a variety of industries, including aluminium, real estate[2] and vodka production, as well as the former president of the Russian Judo Federation.[3]

    Anisimov is founder of real estate development company Coalco[4] and is a former shareholder of Metalloinvest, a Russian industrial conglomerate, which consolidated in 2006 JSC Metalloinvest's assets (the Mikhailovsky GOK and the Ural Steel) with those of Gazmetall JSC (the Lebedinsky GOK and the Oskol Electrometallurgical Plant).[5]

    Biography

    Anisimov graduated with a degree in economics from Alma-Ata Institute of National Economy in 1977.[6]

    After graduation he worked as a commodity expert and then became commercial director of the Kaztorgodezhda trading base in Kazakhstan.[7]

    From 1982 to 1986 Anisimov was head of the Kalinin Nuclear Power Plant and then from 1986 to 1989, he served as general director of the Moscow-based hardware wholesaler, Roskhoztorg. He recalled his activities as involving the sale of scarce goods, the presence of his own office and a personal car "Volga".[8] Anisimov maintained personal relationships with officials, “everything was decided at the level of vodka. We went with the right person to some restaurant, drank and agreed on how to quickly go through bureaucratic processes ... "[9]

    In 1992 Anisimov started Trust Company, a company exporting non-ferrous metals. The firm's special exporter status made it possible to trade with clientele in Western countries, and Anisimov developed his personal approach of accelerating bureaucratic procedures by taking the appropriate people to dinner.[10] Trust received $1 million from each project, and in three years of work it built 24 brick factories.[11]

    The company was rebranded as Transconsult and company activities shifted into aluminium trading. This coincided with a turbulent time in Russian history with the privatisation of state-owned assets and fierce competition for control of the valuable aluminium industry.[12] Transconsult acquired refineries and smelters including the Krasnoyarsk Aluminium Plant,[13] the Achinsk Alumina Refinery[14] and the Bratsk Aluminium Smelter.[15] Anisimov's original goal had been to earn money and leave Russia for life in the west, “[when] privatisation began. I could not resist the temptation to become the owner of the enterprises with which I had already worked ... "[16]

    Anisimov's working methods were described by Dmitry Bosov, chairman of the board of Alltek investment:

    “There are people who are looking for conflicts, and there are people who, on the contrary, try to avoid them. Anisimov is just from the second breed. It was Vasily Vasilyevich who then put everyone in Krasnoyarsk at the negotiating table. It took him two months, after which all three groups of shareholders worked at the enterprise for two and a half years."[9]

    Transconsult sold its assets to partner company Renova for an undisclosed sum in 2000.[17]

    Business interests

    Metalloinvest

    In 2000, after being sued by fellow Russian billionaire Mikhail Khodorkovsky, Anisimov liquidated most of his assets.[18] Anisimov re-emerged in 2004 as a co-owner of Metalloinvest with fellow billionaires Alisher Usmanov and Andrei Skoch.[19] Anisimov had been friends with Usmanov since 1989, “I always informed Vasily about the appearance of certain major acquisitions.” Usmanov was reported as saying.[20]

    Metalloinvest went on to become Russia's largest iron ore mining company. The company has three main businesses: iron ore, steel and scrap metal.[21]

    In December 2004 Anisimov and Usmanov acquired 97.6% of Mikhailovsky GOK,[22] in one of the largest private equity deals in Russian history.[23][24] Negotiations were led by Anisimov.[25] In 2005 the company took over Lebedinsky GOK, the largest supplier of hot-briquettes iron in Russia.[26] Moldova Steel Works, the largest industrial plant in Transnistria was another Metalloinvest asset. It employed over 1000 workers and engineers and 90% of its products were exported abroad.[27] The company was returned to the Transnistrian state in 2015.[28]

    Anisimov eventually sold his 20% stake in the Metalloinvest to Russian bank VTB in 2011[29] citing the need for a change in The Moscow Times, "I am 59 years old, and I work 18 hours a day. I would like to spend more time with my family"[30] Anisimov also stated he wanted to devote more time to his real estate development business interests. The stake was subsequently bought back by Metolloinvest in 2012.[31]

    A subsequent court action brought by the family of the late Badri Patarkatsishvili in 2014 over part-entitlement to the 20% Metalloinvest share was settled out of court.[32][33] Details of the settlement remained confidential.[34]

    Mikhailovsky GOK, one of the largest iron ore mining and processing facilities in Russia and part of the mining division of Metalloinvest LLC

    Coalco

    Alongside his career in aluminium, Anisimov established Coalco[35] in 1994. Coalco initially situated itself in the metals industry, including ownership of aluminium smelters, bauxite mines, semi-finished producers, cable plants, energy producers and cryolite plants.[36] However, after Anisimov's break from the mining industry, Coalco moved into real estate.[37]

    The company manages projects in residential and industrial real estate as well as managing land assets.[35][38] Coalco own 37,000 acres of land in the Moscow region.[39]

    It was reported in 2015 that the company planned to build a multifunctional complex at Tsarskaya Square in Moscow of 280,500 square meters, at an cost of $430 million.[40][41] The project was completed in two years.[42]

    In 2015 Anisimov transferred Coalco assets totalling more than 1 million square meters to MR Group Management,[43] retaining ownership of the land, with MR Group Management responsible for all ongoing and future development processes.[44]

    Coalco also has maintains a presence in the New York City real estate market through Coalco New York,[45] and subsidiary company Corigin Holdings[46] building housing for students at New York University as well as acquisitions, development and property management.[47] The company has a branch office in Zurich.[48]

    Company investments

    WAVIoT

    Since 2011 WAVIoT has built wireless networks to connect low-power objects such as electricity meters and water meters, which need to be continuously on and transmitting small amounts of data. Anisimov has been a major investor.[49]

    Kristall

    In December 2009 shares of all eleven Kristall Vodka plants were acquired from VTB Bank by Vasily Anisimov for 55 billion rubles.[50] Management of the plants was retained by Rosspirtprom, the Federal State Unitary Enterprise and Anisimov's East European Distribution Company (EEDK) became the exclusive distributor of Rosspirtprom. Anisimov subsequently resold the shares of the factories to ex-Senator Alexander Sabadash. During 2010, Anisimov agreed with the minority shareholders of the company to buy out their shares and increased his stake to 85%.[50]

    Other business interests

    Anisimov has served as a member of the administrative council of Rossiysky Kredit[51] and one of many "Russian oligarchs" named in the Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act, CAATSA, signed into law by President Donald Trump in 2017.[52][53] Anisimov responded to the sanctions by saying this was a pity but given the right conditions Russia and the United States could work closely together, "reason must win; it's only a matter of time."[54]

    In 2016, Anisimov negotiated a deal with Kazakh KTZ Express on the construction of a transport and unloading complex "Central Dry Port" worth $169 million.[55]

    From 2003 to 2005 Anisimov invested $100 million in the Corus Group, a British steelmaker now part of Tata Steel.[56]

    Anisimov has produced several films, including Мусорщик (The Scavenger) and Burning Hot Saturday,[57] which were co-produced by Aleksei Guskov, and Water, which won three TEFI awards, "I only finance films that are not related to crime, which awaken something good in the audience.”[58]

    Russian Judo Federation

    Vasily Anisimov presenting the gold medal to Yago Abuladze at the 2021 World Judo Championship in Budapest, Hungary

    Anisimov was head of the Russian Judo Federation from 2010[2] to 2022.[59][60] Under his leadership Russia topped the medal table with three golds at the 2012 Summer Olympics, winning a further two gold medals at the 2016 Rio de Janeiro Olympics. Anisimov also served as an ambassador for the International Judo Federation.[61]

    During his tenure, Anisimov oversaw major tournaments such as the 2012 European Judo Championships and 2014 World Judo Championships in Chelyabinsk, 2013 Judo World Masters in Tyumen, the 2016 European Judo Championships in Kazan, the 2014 Golden League European Club Championships[62] in Samara, 2016 Golden League European Club Championships[63] in Grozny and the elite Masters tournament in Saint Petersburg in 2017.[64][65]

    Anisimov's time in charge of the Russian Judo Federation coincided with a large increase in participation in Judo in Russia.[66] He advocated participation in Judo for children as young as seven, "now children practice from the age of ten, but this bar should be lowered," Anisimov told reporters in 2016.[67]

    In 2017 Anisimov was presented with a certificate conferring sixth dan by head of the International Judo Federation Marius Vizer.[66] The same year Anisimov was awarded the Order of Alexander Nevsky for his services to Judo. The award ceremony was held in the Catherine Hall of the Kremlin on July 7.[68]

    Anisimov is also a member of the supervisory board of the All-Russian Volleyball Federation.[69]

    In October 2022 Anisimov ended his tenure for family reasons.[60]

    Philanthropy

    Anisimov is known for his active interest in the Russian Orthodox Church and has overseen the restoration of 30 churches.[70] During his absence from business in 2000 he spent time on Mount Athos and spoke with priests, “I never in my life thought that I would kneel. And now I meet morning and evening with prayer."[58]

    He has provided financial assistance to the Moscow Diocesan House, which houses the theological faculty of the Orthodox St. Tikhon University for the Humanities.[71] Church restoration work includes the Temple-Monument on Blood in the Name of All Saints on the site of Ipatiev House in Ekaterinburg, where the family of the last Russian emperor was shot.[58]

    Personal life

    Anisimov has been married twice. To Galina Anisimova and has four children.[72][73]

    Their daughter, also named Galina, was murdered along with her husband, Alexander Nalimov, both found "bound and killed execution-style," in their Ekaterinburg home in 2000.[74][75] A second daughter is the actress and entrepreneur Anna Schafer,[76][77] star of the 2017 film Elizabeth Blue[78] and co-founder of cosmetics range Bare Essential Organics.[79] His second marriage was to Ekaterina, and brought another daughter and a son.[80]

    Until 2017 his main residence was in Küsnacht near Zurich, Switzerland; 2017 he moved to Moscow.[81] He maintains properties there[73] and in New York.[82]

    In an interview with Forbes, Anisimov described his life, "I have no hobbies, I cannot sit with a fishing rod for days or hunt down an animal. It so happened that my hobby is work. As long as I am quite an active person, as long as I can stay awake for three days, I have to move forward."[58]

    See also

    References

    1. "Organisation / IJF.org". www.ijf.org. Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
    2. 1 2 "Vasily Anisimov". Forbes. Archived from the original on 2 May 2022. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
    3. "Russian Federation / IJF.org". www.ijf.org. Archived from the original on 29 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
    4. "Vasily Anisimov". Forbes. Archived from the original on 2 May 2022. Retrieved 17 June 2021.
    5. «Metalloinvest». "History". www.metalloinvest.com. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 17 June 2021.
    6. tengrinews.kz (3 December 2013). "Almaty native among richest men of Switzerland". Главные новости Казахстана - Tengrinews.kz. Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
    7. "Василий анисимов: биография, личная жизнь и интересные факты". BusinessXXL.ru (in Russian). 24 January 2021. Archived from the original on 25 May 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
    8. "Трудолюбие или покровители привели к успеху Василия Анисимова?". Яндекс Дзен | Блогерская платформа. Archived from the original on 26 May 2021. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
    9. 1 2 "Высокий передел". Forbes.ru. 3 July 2004. Archived from the original on 26 May 2021. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
    10. "василий анисимов благотворительность - Google Search". www.google.com. Archived from the original on 1 May 2023. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
    11. "Built on Slavery: Debt Bondage and Child Labour in Cambodia's Brick Factories". Human Rights Documents Online. doi:10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-9852-2016004. Archived from the original on 1 May 2023. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
    12. "Oleg Deripaska and the Russian aluminium wars". Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
    13. "Krasnoyarsk Aluminium Smelter". rusal.ru. Archived from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
    14. "Achinsk Alumina Refinery". rusal.ru. Archived from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
    15. "Bratsk Aluminium Smelter". rusal.ru. Archived from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
    16. "Resist temptation to become involved in trusts' decisions". Nursing Standard. 7 (21): 8. 10 February 1993. doi:10.7748/ns.7.21.8.s17. ISSN 0029-6570. PMID 27661494. Archived from the original on 1 May 2023. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
    17. "Transconsult Leaves Aluminum Holding | Business". The Moscow Times Archive. Archived from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
    18. Frik Els (15 April 2012). "2012 Mining Billionaires: #34 Vasily Anisimov, #35 Alexander Nesis, #36 Igor Zyuzin, #37 Patokh Chodiev, #38 Alijan Ibragimov, #39 Alexander Machkevich, #40 Daniel Mate, #41 Aristotelis Mistakidis". MINING.com. Archived from the original on 27 June 2017. Retrieved 17 June 2017.
    19. "The Secret Dealings of Swiss Lawyer Dieter Neupert". Al Bawaba. 5 January 2017. Archived from the original on 1 October 2017. Retrieved 17 June 2017.
    20. "Василий Анисимов: биография и история бизнес-успеха". Фабрика манимейкеров (in Russian). Archived from the original on 19 March 2022. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
    21. "Mining takeover: Kazakhmys in talks over £25bn merger". The Guardian. 14 July 2008. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
    22. "Mikhailovsky GOK - SearchSpaceGeo". www.searchspacegeo.com. Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
    23. "metalloinvest group information memorandum" (PDF). metalloinvest group information memorandum. October 2006. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
    24. "Usmanov gains total control of Mikhailovsky GOK | Metal Bulletin.com". www.metalbulletin.com. Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
    25. "Владимиров В.Н. Как это было (первый год в АИК)". Историческая информатика. 4 (4): 143–148. April 2017. doi:10.7256/2585-7797.2017.4.25052. ISSN 2585-7797.
    26. "advisor.com". Archived from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
    27. "Ukraine Puts a Dent in Transnistria's Separatist Steel Industry". Emerging Europe. 31 May 2018. Archived from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
    28. "Ukraine lifts trade restrictions for Moldovan steel company in Transnistria". www.intellinews.com. 7 May 2019. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
    29. "UPDATE 1-Russia's VTB gets 20 pct Metalloinvest stake-source". Reuters. 23 December 2011. Archived from the original on 8 October 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
    30. Terentyova, Alexandra (26 October 2010). "Metalloinvest Co-Owner Anisimov May Exit". The Moscow Times. Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
    31. "Metalloinvest to buy 20% stake back from VTB by Nov". interfax.com. Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
    32. "Subscribe to a slice of the FT | Financial Times". www.ft.com. Archived from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
    33. "Graham Huntley | Patarkatsishvilli family reach deal | Graham Huntley". Archived from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
    34. Croft, Jane (14 March 2014). "Patarkatsishvili family reaches deal over Metalloinvest stake". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
    35. 1 2 "About the Company". coalco.ru. Archived from the original on 15 June 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
    36. "Metallinvest Group Information Memorandum" (PDF). October 2006: 12. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
    37. "About investments and developer company Coalco". coalco.ru. Archived from the original on 13 May 2021. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
    38. "Coalco International - Company Profile and News". Bloomberg.com. Archived from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
    39. "Vasily Anisimov". Forbes. Archived from the original on 2 May 2022. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
    40. "Tsarskaya Square". coalco.ru. Archived from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
    41. "Coalco и MR Group отказались от строительства офисов на Ленинградке". Ведомости (in Russian). 13 October 2015. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
    42. "The "Tsarskaya Square"". Germany. Archived from the original on 1 May 2023. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
    43. "Миллиардер Василий Анисимов отдал в управление девелоперский бизнес". РБК Недвижимость (in Russian). 27 March 2015. Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
    44. "Миллиардер Василий Анисимов отдал в управление девелоперский бизнес". РБК Недвижимость (in Russian). 27 March 2015. Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
    45. "Dun and Bradstreet Logo". Archived from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
    46. "Real Estate Investment Company, New York City". Corigin. Archived from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
    47. "Student Housing Investment Firm, New York City". Corigin. Archived from the original on 13 March 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
    48. Republik (18 March 2022). "Ist da wirklich alles sauber?". Republik (in German). Archived from the original on 19 March 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
    49. "Patents Assigned to WAVIOT INTEGRATED SYSTEMS, LLC - Justia Patents Search". patents.justia.com. Archived from the original on 9 September 2021. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
    50. 1 2 ""Кристалл" Ротенбергов: как банк друзей Путина получил бывший алкогольный завод, где разливалась "Путинка"". Forbes.ru (in Russian). 4 September 2020. Archived from the original on 30 June 2021. Retrieved 17 June 2021.
    51. Gente, Regis (October 2013). "Bidzina Ivanishvili, a man who plays according to Russian rules?". Caucasus Survey. 1 (1): 117–126. doi:10.1080/23761199.2013.11417276. ISSN 2376-1199.
    52. "Report to Congress Pursuant to Section 241 of the Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act of 2017 Regarding Senior Foreign Political Figures and Oligarchs in the Russian Federation and Russian Parastatal Entities" (PDF). 29 January 2018. Archived from the original on 12 October 2020. Retrieved 1 July 2019.
    53. "Russian Individuals Named on US 'Oligarch List' | Voice of America - English". www.voanews.com. Archived from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
    54. "Google Translate". translate.google.com. 2 February 2017. Archived from the original on 9 September 2021. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
    55. Шеляпина, Алла (2020). "Что продает врач? Особенности организации продаж в медицинских учреждениях". Sales Management. 3: 212–218. doi:10.36627/2618-883x-2020-3-3-212-218. ISSN 2618-883X. S2CID 226734809. Archived from the original on 1 May 2023. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
    56. "Usmanov Details Corus Deal". The Moscow Times. 6 December 2011. Archived from the original on 26 May 2021. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
    57. "Burning Hot Saturday (2002)". movieo.me. Archived from the original on 26 May 2021. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
    58. 1 2 3 4 "Замараева Н.А. Пакистан — Гвадар — Китай: региональный передел". Международные отношения. 3 (3): 390–395. March 2013. doi:10.7256/2305-560x.2013.3.8980. ISSN 2305-560X.
    59. "Russian Judo Federation President re-elected". www.insidethegames.biz. 2 October 2020. Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
    60. 1 2 "Soloveychik unanimously elected new President of Russian Judo Federation". www.insidethegames.biz. 3 October 2022. Archived from the original on 4 January 2023. Retrieved 4 January 2023.
    61. Miner, Louise (5 November 2021). "Judo: An exciting first day of the Baku Grand Slam in Azerbaijan". euronews. Archived from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
    62. "European Club Championships – Golden League". European Judo Union. 20 December 2014. Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
    63. "European Club Championships – Golden League". European Judo Union. 17 December 2016. Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
    64. "World Judo Masters 2017, St. Petersburg, Russia – DAY TWO". www.ijf.org. Archived from the original on 24 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
    65. "Judo season to end with invite-only Masters in Saint Petersburg". www.insidethegames.biz. 15 December 2017. Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
    66. 1 2 "Федерация дзюдо России". www.judo.ru. Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
    67. Галькевич, Семён (6 October 2016). "Детям в РФ нужно разрешить заниматься дзюдо с семи, а не с десяти лет – президент ФДР". Спорт РИА Новости (in Russian). Archived from the original on 14 May 2022. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
    68. "Президент Федерации дзюдо России Анисимов удостоен государственной награды". Газета.Ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 26 May 2021. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
    69. "Google Translate". translate.google.com. Archived from the original on 9 September 2021. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
    70. "COALCO'S NON-PROFIT ACTIVITY". coalco.ru. Archived from the original on 25 May 2021. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
    71. "Бизнесмены о помощи РПЦ: "Эту радость не получить, заработав еще миллион"". РБК (in Russian). 24 February 2016. Archived from the original on 26 May 2021. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
    72. Putzier, Konrad (13 May 2015). "Carlton House | Galina Anisimova | Vasily Anisimov". Therealdeal.com. Archived from the original on 5 July 2017. Retrieved 21 May 2017.
    73. 1 2 "Vasily Anisimov". Forbes.com. Archived from the original on 27 July 2022. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
    74. McChesney, Andrew Archived 17 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine "Metals Magnates In $8.5B Merger", The Moscow Times, April 18, 2000. Retrieved October 16, 2018.
    75. Eaton, Pheobe Archived 17 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine "How Much Is That In Rubles?", New York, June 2012. Retrieved October 16, 2018.
    76. "Anna Schafer". IMDb. Archived from the original on 29 December 2020. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
    77. "Anna Schafer". Going Beyond Movement. Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
    78. Sabella, Vincent (16 February 2017), Elizabeth Blue (Drama), Anna Schafer, Ryan Vincent, Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje, Kathleen Quinlan, Nittle Baby Productions, archived from the original on 1 May 2023, retrieved 21 April 2021
    79. "B Ā E O. bare essential organics". baeo.com. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
    80. "Badtitle". Archived from the original on 1 May 2023. Retrieved 16 June 2022.
    81. Unter dem Radar. Archived 19 March 2022 at the Wayback Machine In: Republik.ch, 18 March 2022 (German).
    82. "The Russian Tycoons Are Coming, The Russian Tycoons Are Coming – to Manhattan – Jewish Business News". Retrieved 21 April 2021.
    This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.