Early life

Havard was born in Compiegne, France. After graduating from the Institute of Beauvais, he studied medicine in Paris before immigrating to the United States. He entered Manhattan College and the medical department of New York University, in New York City, graduating from both in 1869. For a time thereafter, he was house physician in Children's Hospital and professor of French, chemistry, and botany at Manhattan College.^[2]

Frontier posts

In 1871, he was appointed an acting assistant surgeon in the army and was commissioned an assistant surgeon in the medical corps three years later. For six months in 1877, he served with the 7th Cavalry in Montana in pursuit of hostile Sioux and Nez Perce Indians.^[2] In 1880, he joined the 1st Infantry then engaged in opening roads in the Pecos River Valley in West Texas. In the summer of 1881, he accompanied an exploring expedition into northwest Texas, headed by Captain William R. Livermore, Corps of Engineers. From stations at Fort Duncan and San Antonio, he again went with exploring parties under Captain Livermore to the upper Rio Grande Valley during the summers of 1883 and 1884. While on frontier duty, he became interested in economic botany and studied the food and drink plants of the Indians, Mexicans, and early settlers.^[1]

Havard served in various posts from 1884 to 1898, including service in New York (Fort Schuyler, Fort Wadsworth, and the recruiting depot at Davids Island), North Dakota (Fort Lincoln and Fort Buford), and Wyoming (Fort D. A. Russell).^[2]

Spanish–American War

Havard's former house in the Dupont Circle neighborhood of Washington, DC

With the outbreak of the Spanish–American War in 1898, Havard was assigned as chief surgeon of the Cavalry Division, and accompanied the division to Siboney, Cuba.^[3] He served in the field during the Battle of San Juan Hill on July 1. After the war, he joined the staff of General Leonard Wood in Havana as chief surgeon of the Division of Cuba and continued with Wood when he became military governor. While in Havana in October 1900, he was the subject of a severe attack of yellow fever.^[2]

Russo-Japanese War

With the establishment of civil government in Cuba, Colonel Havard returned to the United States for duty in Virginia (Fort Monroe) and New York (West Point and Department of the East at Governors Island). In 1904, he was detailed as medical attaché with the Imperial Russian Army during the Russo-Japanese War. Havard arrived in St. Petersburg on December 7, 1904, and reached the frontlines in Manchuria on February 8, 1905.^[4] After being embedded with Russian forces just over a month, Havard was captured by the Imperial Japanese Army at the Battle of Mukden. Upon reaching Tokyo, he was sent back to the United States.^[5]

In his official report, Havard compiled a list of lessons learned from the Russo-Japanese experience. He noted the lack of frontal assaults that were the result of improved weaponry, particularly the machine gun. Flanking movements became more necessary to avoid the machine gun, which necessitated increased frequency and distance of forced marches. In previous wars, soldiers were able to rest at night and armies saw little action during winter months. Both practices had become antiquated. Attacks were often ordered at night and the waging of war never ceased, even in subzero temperatures. According to Havard, the result of these trends was soldiers experiencing an increased level of battle fatigue, as well as resurgence in the usefulness of the bayonet in night assaults.^[6] The Japanese claimed seven percent of their casualties resulted from bayonet wounds.^[7]

Because of his observations in Manchuria, Havard recommended changes to the U.S. Army's Medical Corps. He suggested the war department devise a plan to train and mobilize large numbers of medical personnel for war and to promote the development of civilian organizations such as the Red Cross. Because of the increased number of casualties resulting from modern weaponry, Havard stressed the significance of training enlisted soldiers in assisting medical officers in field hospitals. He also spoke to the importance of devising an adequate evacuation system from the battlefield to military hospitals. He explained that railroads were of importance in this process. Havard also advocated the implementation of telephone technology for hospital staff to have quick access to information from the battle.^[8]

He was subsequently elected to a term as president of the Association of Military Surgeons. In 1906, he was appointed president of the faculty of the Army Medical School, which he held until he retired from military duty in 1910. Upon retirement, Havard established his home in Fairfield, Connecticut. There, he continued a career of writing begun when he entered the army.

World War I

With the onset of World War I, Colonel Havard was called from retirement for duty with the Cuban government in the reorganization of the medical departments of its army and navy (1917–1923), for which he received the Cuban Order of Military Merit. In his 81st year, he died on board the steamship Columbo while returning from a visit to France.