US–Africa Leaders Summit 2014
Host countryUnited States
DateAugust 4–6, 2014
MottoInvesting in the Next Generation
Venue(s)Mandarin Oriental Hotel
White House
Harry S Truman Building
CitiesWashington, D.C.
ParticipantsBarack Obama
50 African leaders (incl. 37 HOS)
U.S. Business Executives
PrecedesUnited States–Africa Leaders Summit 2022
WebsiteOfficial website

The United States–Africa Leaders Summit 2014 was an international summit held in Washington D.C. from August 4–6, 2014. Leaders from fifty African states attended the three-day summit, which was hosted by U.S. President Barack Obama. The summit primarily focused on trade, investment and security of the continent.[1] Leaders from 50 of the 54 existing African sovereign nations were invited to attend. After the summit, the White House produced a number of Fact Sheets that summarized major outcomes.

Background

In 2013, President Barack Obama made his three-nation tour of Africa, in which he announced his plans to host a summit of leaders from across Africa.[2] America's annual trade with the continent is about $85 billion compared to China's $200 billion.[3] According to an interview with The Economist, Obama welcomed foreign investment in the continent saying "the more the merrier" and advised African leaders to ensure that local workers benefit from the infrastructure projects and that the roads shouldn't "just lead from the mine, to the port, to Shanghai."[4]

On July 31, 2014, four days before the beginning of the summit, there was an On-the-Record-Conference Press Call released by the White House Office of the Press Secretary that included discussions and details of the conference. The participants were (1) Ben Rhodes, Deputy National Security Advisor for Strategic Communications; (2) Linda Thomas-Greenfield, Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs; and (3) Gayle Smith, Senior Director for Development and Democracy at the National Security Council.[5]

Agenda

The summit focused on trade and investment and underlined the United States' commitment to the continent's people, democracy and security. It facilitated the discussion on how to deepen these partnerships. US Commerce Secretary Penny Pritzker said that new deals worth about $900 million would be announced at the summit.[6]

A number of organizations have written to President Obama to draw particular attention to the rights of LGBT Africans.[7] The Human Rights Campaign and Human Rights First issued a statement urging Obama to include the discrimination against this minority in the agenda and described this summit as a 'once-in-a-generation moment' to promote equality.[8][9] Homosexuality is criminalized in 37 Africans states. It is punishable by death in four countries: Mauritania, Nigeria (states under Sharia law), Somalia and Sudan; and up to life imprisonment in Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia. Only South Africa grants full marriage equality and constitutional protection against discrimination.[10]

A Program of Events was released on the White House website.[11] Even though the first ever U.S.-Africa Leaders Summit was held from Monday August 4 to Wednesday August 6, there were a great number of side events around the Summit.[12] On Friday August 1 a Signature Event – Faith works: Honoring the contributions of the Faith Community to Peace and Prosperity in Africa took place. This included religious leaders, faith-based organization, African leaders and U.S. Government officials. The role the faith based community plays in promoting peace, prosperity and development all over Africa was discussed. The U.S.-Africa Leaders were given opportunities to contribute.[13]

August 4 Signature Events – (1) Civil Society Forum; (2) Investing in Women, Peace and Prosperity; (3) Investing in Health: Investing in Africa's Future; (4) Resilience and Food Security in a Changing Climate; and (5) Combating Wildlife Trafficking.[13] Other events included The African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) Forum which was discussed in order to pursue efforts to renew legislation.[14] A Capital Hill Reception was held by the Senate Foreign Relations and House Foreign Affairs Committees to welcome African Leaders in the afternoon.[11]

US–Africa Business Forum

Obama Delivers remarks.
Secretary Kerry delivering his remarks at the World Bank.

On August 5 the U.S. Department of Commerce and Bloomberg Philanthropies co-hosted the first ever U.S.-Africa Business Forum.[15] The focus was on strengthening trade and financial ties between the United States and Africa. Good morning and welcome remarks were given by Penny Pritzker, United States Secretary of Commerce and Michael Bloomberg, Founder of Bloomberg Philanthropies, Bloomberg L.P. and the 108th Mayor of New York City. The Business Forum was divided into four moderated sessions.

Session 1: Expanding Opportunities: The New Era For Business in Africa. Session 1 explored the U.S.-African partnerships and identified new ways to strengthen business ties and enable greater economic progress. Ashish J. Thakkar, Founder and Managing Director of Mara Group welcomed the panel. Bill Clinton 42nd President of the United States and Founder of the Clinton Foundation was the Moderator. The five speakers were: Aliko Dangote, President and CEO Dangote Group, Jeff Immelt, CEO General Electric, Andrew N. Liveris, President, Chairman and CEO The Dow Chemical Company, Phuti Mahanyele CEO Shanduka Group and Doug McMillon President and CEO Walmart Stores Inc.[15] Prior to the second session, remarks were given by the Chairperson of the African Union Commission, Dr. Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma.[15]

Session 2: Open Markets: Financing The Africa of Tomorrow. Session 2 explored the trends guiding successful and good governance in African countries, reduction of risks, strengthening investor confidence and increasing availability of U.S. capital to African and U.S. firms intending to partner on the African continent. Jacob J. Lew, Secretary of the Treasury of the United States welcomed the panel. Donald Kaberuka, President of the African Development Bank was the Moderator. The six speakers were: Ajay Banga, President and CEO Mastercard, Tony Elumelu, Chairman Heirs Holdings Limited, James Mwangi, CEO Equity Bank Group, David Rubenstein, CEO The Carlyle Group, Sim Tshabalala, Joint CEO Standard Bank and Mo Ibrahim, Founder and Chair, Mo Ibrahim Foundation.[15]

Session 3: Powering Africa: Leading Developments in Infrastructure. Session 3 explored public-private partnerships, technological innovations and financing tools that are transforming energy, transport and digital infrastructure in Africa. Dr. Jim Yong Kim, President of the World Bank Group welcomed the panel. Susan Rice, Assistant to the President and National Security Advisor was the Moderator. The five speakers were: Muhtar Kent, Chairman of the Board, CEO The Coca-Cola Company, Tshepo Mahloele CEO Harith Fund Managers, Strive Masiyiwa, Founder and Chairman Econet Wireless, Virginia Ginni Rometty, Chairman, President and CEO of IBM and Stephen Schwarzman, Chairman, CEO and Co-Founder of Blackstone. Afternoon remarks were given by Joseph Biden, Vice President of the United States.[15]

Session 4: Game Plan: Shaping The Future Of A Fast-Growing Continent. Session 4 featured the African Heads of State. The assembled leaders represented the continents five regions. The discussion entailed policies that enable economic growth, intelligent infrastructure and successful private and public partnerships for the present and all the future years ahead. John Kerry, Secretary of State of the United States welcomed the panel. Charlie Rose was the Moderator. The five president speakers were: Paul Kagame, President of the Republic of Rwanda, Macky Sall, President of the Republic of Senegal, Jacob Zuma, President of the Republic of South Africa, Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete, President of the United Republic of Tanzania and Mohamed Moncef Marzouki, President of the Republic of Tunisia.[15] Remarks were delivered by President Obama[16] and Vice President Biden [17] during the U.S.-Africa Business Forum.

Penny Pritzker and Michael Bloomberg co-wrote to a Forbes Opinion article where they stated that the inaugural U.S.-Africa Business Forum was expected to stimulate $14 Billion worth of business.[18]

In the evening, President Obama and the First Lady hosted a Dinner Reception at the White House for the African Leaders, government and select guests.[19][20][21] Among the attendees at the dinner was former President Jimmy Carter. [22]

Summit Leaders Meetings

A session in progress
President Obama participates in a family photo with African leaders.

On August 6 the Summit Leaders Meetings took place. President Obama and African Leaders engaged in dialogue in three action-oriented sessions that addressed issues of shared common interest and mutual concern.[23] Session 1: Investing in Africa's Future – inclusive sustainable development, economic growth and trade and investment were discussed. Session 2: Peace and Regional Stability – a working lunch centered around long-term solutions to regional conflict, peace keeping challenges and combating transnational threats. Session 3: Governing For The Next Generation – the focus was on how to enhance governance in order to deliver services to citizens and to attract and prepare for increased domestic and foreign direct trade and investment.

The Summit concluded with President Obama holding a press conference.[24] He called the U.S.-Africa Leaders Summit "an extraordinary event" [25]

Other events of the final day were: (1) A Spousal Program accompanied by the tag line "Investing in Our Future at the U.S.-Africa Leaders Summit" hosted by First Lady Michelle Obama in partnership with former First Lady, Laura Bush and the Bush Institute. This day-long spouses symposium which was held at the Kennedy Center focused on the impact of investments in education, health and public-private partnerships.[26][27] The 43rd President of the United States, George W. Bush made an appearance, he sat with the African First Ladies and drew applause when he said "If you're worried about your husbands' political future, taking care of women is good politics." As a father and grand father he "is concerned about the future, not less" when it comes to freedom, economic empowerment and health of girls and women around the world.[28] Jill Biden delivered remarks earlier on [26][29] and also spoke about creating opportunities for young women leaders.[26][30]

(2) A Dialogue with African CEO's hosted by Congressman Gregory W. Meeks and the Congressional Black Caucus Africa Task Force entailed panel discussions and networking with African business and political leaders, U.S. private sector representatives and members of congress.[31][32]

Participants

Kerry with the Chairperson of the African Union, Abdel Aziz
The map of the countries that participated in the summit
Obamas with Tanzanian President Kikwete and First Lady Salma Kikwete

Africa consists of 54 sovereign states; in 2014, all of them, with the exception of Morocco, were members of the African Union. Invitations were extended to fifty African leaders who are "in good standing" with both the US and the African Union.[33] Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma, the Chairperson of the African Union Commission was also invited.[34][35] President Obama met the leaders "as a group", and not on an individual basis.[36][37] Of the fifty leaders, thirty-seven were Heads of State.[38]

Dignitaries

Country Title Leader
 AlgeriaPrime MinisterAbdelmalek Sellal
 AngolaVice PresidentManuel Vicente
 BeninPresidentYayi Boni
 BotswanaForeign MinisterPhandu Skelemani
 Burkina FasoPresidentBlaise Compaoré
 BurundiPresidentPierre Nkurunziza
 Cape VerdePresidentJorge Carlos Fonseca
 ChadPresidentIdriss Déby
 CameroonPresidentPaul Biya
 ComorosPresidentIkililou Dhoinine
 Cote d'IvoirePrime MinisterDaniel Kablan Duncan
 Congo–BrazzavillePresidentDenis Sassou Nguesso
 DjiboutiPresidentIsmaïl Omar Guelleh
 DR CongoPresidentJoseph Kabila
 EgyptPrime MinisterIbrahim Mahlab
 Equatorial GuineaPresidentTeodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo
 EthiopiaPrime MinisterHailemariam Desalegn
 GabonPresidentAli Bongo Ondimba
 GambiaPresidentYahya Jammeh
 GhanaPresidentJohn Dramani Mahama
 GuineaPresidentAlpha Condé
 Guinea-BissauPresidentJosé Mário Vaz
 KenyaPresidentUhuru Kenyatta
 LesothoPrime MinisterTom Thabane
 LiberiaVice PresidentJoseph Boakai
 LibyaPrime MinisterAbdullah al-Thani
 MadagascarPresidentHery Rajaonarimampianina
 MalawiPresidentPeter Mutharika
 MaliPresidentIbrahim Boubacar Keïta
 MauritaniaPresidentMohamed Ould Abdel Aziz
 MauritiusPrime MinisterNavin Ramgoolam
 MoroccoPrime MinisterAbdelilah Benkirane
 MozambiquePresidentArmando Guebuza
 NamibiaPresidentHifikepunye Pohamba
 NigerPresidentMahamadou Issoufou
 NigeriaPresidentGoodluck Jonathan
 RwandaPresidentPaul Kagame
 São Tomé and PríncipePrime MinisterGabriel Costa
 SenegalPresidentMacky Sall
 SeychellesPresidentJames Michel
 Sierra LeoneForeign MinisterSamura Kamara
 SomaliaPresidentHassan Sheikh Mohamud
 South AfricaPresidentJacob Zuma
 South SudanPresidentSalva Kiir Mayardit
 EswatiniKingMswati III
 TanzaniaPresidentJakaya Kikwete
 TogoPresidentFaure Gnassingbe
 TunisiaPresidentMoncef Marzouki
 UgandaPresidentYoweri Museveni
 ZambiaVice PresidentGuy Scott

Non–attendance

Country Head of State Reason
 AlgeriaPresident Abdelaziz Bouteflika[39]health reasons
 AngolaPresident José Eduardo dos Santos[39]
 BotswanaPresident Ian Khama[40]
 EgyptPresident Abdel Fattah el-Sisi[41]
 LiberiaPresident Ellen Johnson Sirleaf[42]due to an Ebola outbreak
 LesothoKing Letsie III[43]
 MoroccoKing Mohammed VI[44]
 Sierra LeonePresident Ernest Bai Koroma[45]due to an Ebola outbreak
 ZambiaPresident Michael Sata[39]health reasons
 Cote d'IvoirePresident Alassane Ouattara

Exclusions

Temporary

At the time of the announcement of the summit in January 2014, the following three states were suspended from the African Union due to their political situation. They have since been re-admitted following the restoration of democracy and rule of law:

Controversies

The list of invited leaders included the following long serving African strongmen:[57][58]

Obama with Nguema, Compaoré and Jammeh.
CountryLeaderIn power since
 AngolaJosé Eduardo dos Santos1979
 Burkina FasoBlaise Compaoré1987
 CameroonPaul Biya1982
 Republic of the CongoDenis Sassou Nguesso1997
 Equatorial GuineaTeodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo1979
 GambiaYahya Jammeh1994
 UgandaYoweri Museveni1986

Human Rights Watch and EG Justice called upon the US to denounce Equatoguinean President Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo's human rights abuses in his country.[59]

The Economic Freedom Fighters, a South African opposition party, objected to the exclusion of Zimbabwean President Robert Mugabe; it also disagreed with Morocco's inclusion as it continues to "illegally" occupy Western Sahara.[60]

Outcome

President Obama delivered a personal, six-minute toast at the U.S.-Africa Summit Dinner in which he invoked his African heritage, saying, “I stand before you as the president of the United States and a proud American. I also stand before you as the son of a man from Africa. The blood of Africa runs through our family. And so for us, the bonds between our countries, our continents, are deeply personal.”[61] He announced $20 billion of investment in energy projects in sub-Saharan Africa.[62]

Through the Office of The Press Secretary, the White House released a number of Fact Sheets pertaining to the outcome of the United States–Africa Leaders Summit. On August 4, 2014, FACTSHEET: Investing in African Trade for Our Common Future was released. It clarified strategies pertaining to the renewal and update of the African Growth Opportunities Act (AGOA), synergies through aligning assistance, improving infrastructure to enhance competitiveness, strengthen trade capacity and creation of new African markets.[63] On August 5, 2014, FACTSHEET: The Doing Business in Africa Campaign (DBIA) was released. The emphasis was on the United States' commitment to strengthen its ties and commercial relationship with Africa. The Fact Sheet clarified this new commitment to expand the Doing Business in Africa Campaign: "At today’s U.S.-Africa Business Forum, President Obama announced $7 billion in new financing to promote U.S. exports to and investments in Africa under the DBIA Campaign. U.S. companies announced new deals in clean energy, aviation, banking, and construction worth more than $14 billion, in addition to $12 billion in new commitments under the President’s Power Africa initiative from private sector partners, the World Bank, and the government of Sweden. Taken together, these new commitments amount to more than $33 billion, supporting economic growth across Africa and tens of thousands of U.S. jobs." In addition, the Fact Sheet emphasized the President's Executive Order to create a Presidential Advisory Council on DBIA and new U.S. Government resources to support U.S. exports and investments in Africa.[64]

Other Materials, Outcomes and Fact Sheets directly related to the U.S.-Africa Leaders Summit were: (1) U.S.-Africa Cooperation in Advancing Gender Equality [65] (2) U.S.-African Cooperation on Global Health[66] (3) Shared Investment in Youth[67] (4) U.S.-African Cooperation on Food Security [68] (5) U.S. Engagement on Climate Change and Resilience in Africa [69] (6) U.S. Support for Democratic Institutions, Good Governance and Human Rights in Africa [70] (7) U.S. Support for Combating Wildlife Trafficking [71] (8) Powering Africa: Increasing Access to Power in Sub-Saharan Africa [72] (9) Investments Announced at Symposium for African Spouses Hosted by First Lady Michelle Obama and Former First Lady Laura Bush. "More than $200 million committed to programs that will empower more than 1 million people in Africa."[73] (10) U.S. Support for Peacekeeping in Africa [74] (11) Security Governance Initiative [75] (12) Partnering to Counter Terrorism in Africa [76]

The White House Press Office released a Statement by the Chair of the U.S.-Africa Leaders Summit. Topics covered were the Summit's Background; Investing in Africa's Future; Advancing Peace and Regional Stability; Governing for the Next Generation; Investing in Women for Peace and Prosperity; and, Providing Skills and Opportunities to the Youth. In closing, it was duly noted that President Obama announced that the U.S.-Africa Leaders Summit would be a recurring event.[77]

References

  1. ↑ "Statement by the Press Secretary Announcing the U.S.-Africa Leaders Summit". whitehouse.gov. 21 January 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2014 – via National Archives.
  2. ↑ "Obama to host summit of African leaders next year". Fox News. 30 June 2013. Retrieved 31 July 2014.
  3. ↑ Rotberg, Robert (March 19, 2014). "Why Africa Cannot Prosper Without China". Opencanada.org. Retrieved April 28, 2021.
  4. ↑ "The next great disruption". The Economist. 31 July 2014. Retrieved 1 August 2014.
  5. ↑ "On-The-Record Conference Call for U.S.-Africa Leaders Summit". whitehouse.gov. August 1, 2014. Retrieved 31 August 2014 – via National Archives.
  6. ↑ Keeler, Dan (22 July 2014). "Obama's Africa Summit Set to See $900m+ in Deals Announced". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 30 July 2014.
  7. ↑ "Letter to Obama" (PDF). globalequality.org. 25 July 2014. Retrieved 30 July 2014.
  8. ↑ Crary, David (29 July 2014). "Activists Want Gay Rights on Africa Summit Agenda". ABC News. Retrieved 30 July 2014.
  9. ↑ "Human Rights First and HRC Foundation Release Joint Report on Human Rights for LGBT Africans". Human Rights First. 29 July 2014. Retrieved 30 July 2014.
  10. ↑ "REPORT: THE STATE OF HUMAN RIGHTS FOR LGBT PEOPLE IN AFRICA" (PDF). Human Rights Campaign and Human Rights First. July 2014. Retrieved 30 July 2014.
  11. 1 2 "Program of Events". whitehouse.gov. Archived from the original on 20 January 2017. Retrieved 7 August 2014 – via National Archives.
  12. ↑ "Side Events". Inter Action: A United Voice For Global Change. Retrieved 7 August 2014.
  13. 1 2 "U.S.-Africa Leaders Summit Schedule of Signature Events". Millennium Challenge Corporation United States of America. Archived from the original on 14 December 2014. Retrieved 7 August 2014.
  14. ↑ Dews, Fred (4 August 2014). "As U.S.-Africa Leaders Summit Begins, Key Members of Congress Say AGOA must be reauthorized". Brookings Institution Blog. Retrieved 7 August 2014.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "U.S.-Africa Business Forum". Bloomberg Philanthropies Bloomberg.org Group. Retrieved 8 August 2014.
  16. ↑ "Program of Events, President Obama delivers remarks". whitehouse.gov. Archived from the original on 20 January 2017. Retrieved 16 August 2014 – via National Archives.
  17. ↑ "Program of Events, Vice President Biden delivers remarks to the U.S.-Africa Business Forum". whitehouse.gov. Archived from the original on 20 January 2017. Retrieved 16 August 2014 – via National Archives.
  18. ↑ "Obama's U.S.-Africa Forum Will Catalyze $14 Billion In Business Deals". Forbes. Retrieved 7 August 2014.
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  20. ↑ Superville, Darlene (5 August 2014). "Obama Welcomes African Leaders For Unusual Dinner". Associated Press. Retrieved 8 August 2014.
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  24. ↑ "Program of Events, Leader Press Conferences". whitehouse.gov. Archived from the original on 20 January 2017. Retrieved 7 August 2014 – via National Archives.
  25. ↑ Eilperin, Juliet (6 August 2014). "Obama Praises U.S. Africa Summit as an 'extraordinary event'". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 7 August 2014. Retrieved 16 August 2014.
  26. 1 2 3 "Program of Events, Spousal Program". whitehouse.gov. Archived from the original on 20 January 2017. Retrieved 16 August 2014 – via National Archives.
  27. ↑ "A Conversation With The First Lady and Mrs. Laura Bush". YouTube. 6 August 2014. Retrieved 16 August 2014.
  28. ↑ Gillman, Todd J. (6 August 2014). "Michelle Obama and Laura Bush Banter. George W. Bush joins them in promoting African girls and women". Dallasnews.com. Retrieved 16 August 2014.
  29. ↑ "Dr. Jill Biden Delivers Remarks at the U.S.-Africa Leaders Summit". YouTube. 4 August 2014. Retrieved 16 August 2014.
  30. ↑ "Dr. Jill Biden Speaks on Creating Opportunities for Young Women Leaders". YouTube. 6 August 2014. Retrieved 16 August 2014.
  31. ↑ "Program of Events, A Dialogue with African CEO's". whitehouse.gov. Archived from the original on 20 January 2017. Retrieved 16 August 2014 – via National Archives.
  32. ↑ Staff, AfSB. "Black Lawmakers Host Dialogue With African CEO's". africastrictlybusiness.com. Retrieved 16 August 2014.
  33. ↑ "Washington Prepares to Host Meeting of African Leaders". NY Times. 29 July 2014. Retrieved 30 July 2014.
  34. ↑ "White House On U.S.-Africa Leaders Summit". allafrica.com. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
  35. ↑ "Obama to invite 47 leaders to US-Africa summit". News24. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
  36. ↑ Wonacott, Peter (21 July 2014). "Obama Charts a Risky Course With Africa Heads-of-State Summit". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 30 July 2014.
  37. ↑ Akande, Laolu. "U.S-Africa Summit: Obama Rules Out Meeting With Jonathan, Others". The Guardian (Nigeria). Archived from the original on 6 August 2014. Retrieved 30 July 2014.
  38. ↑ "Heads of Delegation". whitehouse.gov. Archived from the original on 20 January 2017. Retrieved 6 August 2014 – via National Archives.
  39. 1 2 3 Vines, Alex (1 August 2014). "The First US-Africa Summit: More than a Birthday Party for President Obama". Chatham House. Retrieved 6 August 2014.
  40. ↑ "Botswana's Khama misses US-Africa Leaders Summit". en.starafrica.com. 5 August 2014. Archived from the original on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 6 August 2014.
  41. ↑ "Why did Sisi decline Obama's invitation to Washington?". Al Arabiya News. 23 July 2014. Retrieved 6 August 2014.
  42. ↑ "Two African Leaders Skip Obama Summit to Deal With Ebola". Bloomberg Business Week. 31 July 2014. Archived from the original on August 3, 2014. Retrieved 31 July 2014.
  43. ↑ "Heads of Delegation". whitehouse.gov. Archived from the original on 20 January 2017. Retrieved 6 August 2014 – via National Archives.
  44. ↑ "King Mohammed VI Absent From US-Africa Summit". Morocco World. 3 August 2014. Retrieved 6 August 2014.
  45. ↑ Boyer, Dave (31 July 2014). "3 African leaders cancel trip to U.S. over Ebola outbreak; Obama still plans summit". Washington Times. Retrieved 31 July 2014.
  46. ↑ "Uninvited To U.S. -Africa Leaders Summit: CAR's Catherine Samba-Panza". afkinsider.com. 28 July 2014. Retrieved 30 July 2014.
  47. 1 2 Obama administration may revise the list of African leaders invited to US summit on YouTube
  48. 1 2 3 Pecquet, Julian (22 January 2014). "Obama excludes Egypt, six others from Africa summit". The Hill. Retrieved 27 July 2014.
  49. ↑ "Obama's U.S.-Africa Summit – Who's In, Who's Out". allafrica.com. January 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
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  51. ↑ "US-Africa summit: Why Mugabe was snubbed". News24. 27 January 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
  52. ↑ "Zimbabwe not concerned by Washington snub: official". AFP. 27 January 2014. Archived from the original on 31 January 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
  53. ↑ "Obama shuts out Mugabe". Newsday. 23 January 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
  54. ↑ "Egypt Says Not Invited to US Africa Summit". ABC News. 22 January 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
  55. ↑ "U.S. offers Egypt late invite to Africa summit". Al Arabiya. 14 July 2014. Retrieved 30 July 2014.
  56. ↑ "US urges Madagascar leader to gain population 'confidence'". AFP. 28 January 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
  57. ↑ "Opinion | Where is human rights in the Africa summit?". The Washington Post. 2014-08-02. Archived from the original on 2022-03-01.
  58. ↑ Smith, Jeffrey (3 July 2014). "Obama should embrace Africa's democratic standard-bearers". Aljazeera. Retrieved 1 August 2014.
  59. ↑ "Equatorial Guinea: Halt Prisoner Torture". Human Rights Watch. 30 July 2014. Retrieved 31 July 2014.
  60. ↑ "EFF rejects the US-AFRICA leadership summit". Economic Freedom Fighters. 30 July 2014. Retrieved 31 July 2014.
  61. ↑ Topaz, Jonathan (6 August 2014). "Obama's Africa toast gets 'personal'". Politico. Retrieved 6 August 2014.
  62. ↑ "Africa: USAID Announcements At the African Leaders' Summit for Tuesday, August 5th". AllAfrica. 5 August 2014. Retrieved 6 August 2014.
  63. ↑ "FACTSHEET: Investing in African Trade for our Common Future". whitehouse.gov. 4 August 2014. Retrieved 31 August 2014 – via National Archives.
  64. ↑ "FACTSHEET: Doing Business in Africa Campaign". whitehouse.gov. 5 August 2014. Retrieved 31 August 2014 – via National Archives.
  65. ↑ "FACTSHEET: U.S.-Africa Cooperation Advancing Gender Equality". whitehouse.gov. 4 August 2014. Retrieved 31 August 2014 – via National Archives.
  66. ↑ "FACTSHEET: U.S.-African Cooperation on Global Health". whitehouse.gov. 4 August 2014. Retrieved 31 August 2014 – via National Archives.
  67. ↑ "FACTSHEET: Shared Investment in Youth". whitehouse.gov. 4 August 2014. Retrieved 31 August 2014 – via National Archives.
  68. ↑ "FACTSHEET: U.S.-African Cooperation on Food Security". whitehouse.gov. 4 August 2014. Retrieved 31 August 2014 – via National Archives.
  69. ↑ "FACTSHEET: U.S. Engagement on Climate Change and Resilience in Africa". whitehouse.gov. 4 August 2014. Retrieved 31 August 2014 – via National Archives.
  70. ↑ "FACTSHEET: U.S. Support for Democratic Institutions, Good Governance and Human Rights in Africa". whitehouse.gov. 4 August 2014. Retrieved 31 August 2014 – via National Archives.
  71. ↑ "FACTSHEET: U.S. Support for Combating Wildlife Trafficking". whitehouse.gov. 4 August 2014. Retrieved 31 August 2014 – via National Archives.
  72. ↑ "FACTSHEET: Powering Africa: Increasing Access to Power in Sub-Saharan Africa". whitehouse.gov. 5 August 2014. Retrieved 31 August 2014 – via National Archives.
  73. ↑ "Investments Announced at Symposium for African Spouses Hosted by First Lady Michelle Obama and Former First Lady Laura Bush". whitehouse.gov. 6 August 2014. Retrieved 31 August 2014 – via National Archives.
  74. ↑ "FACTSHEET: U.S. Support for Peacekeeping in Africa". whitehouse.gov. 6 August 2014. Retrieved 31 August 2014 – via National Archives.
  75. ↑ "FACTSHEET: Security Governance Initiative". whitehouse.gov. 6 August 2014. Retrieved 31 August 2014 – via National Archives.
  76. ↑ "FACTSHEET: Partnering Counter Terrorism in Africa". whitehouse.gov. 6 August 2014. Retrieved 31 August 2014 – via National Archives.
  77. ↑ "Statement by the Chair of the U.S.-Africa Leaders Summit". whitehouse.gov. 6 August 2014. Retrieved 31 August 2014 – via National Archives.
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