Umm Waraqah bint 'Abdullah b. Al-Harith Ansariah (commonly known as Umm Waraqah; Arabic: أم ورقة بنت عبد الله بن الحارث) was one of the female companions of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. She was learned, scholarly, pious and modest lady. She was appointed by Islamic prophet Muhammad to lead prayers at her household.

Life

Umm Waraqah was one of very few people to have memorized the entire Qur'an, she was one of its few oral transmitters before it was recorded in writing.[1]

Umm Waraqah knew the recitation of the Quran[2], and the Islamic prophet Muhammad had appointed her to lead prayers at her household. The feminist narrative however disagrees the appointment being limited to the household, and support it for the claim of women leading mixed congregation in prayers.[3]

According to Ibn Sa'd's narrative, Muhammad denoted her "the Martyred Woman" (al-Shahida) even though he did not allow her to accompany him into battle during the Battle of Badr. Instead, Umm Waraqah's gateway to martyrdom was her faithful struggle in continuing to lead prayer in her household, until "two servants, a male and a female who were under her charge, murdered her during 'Umar's Caliphate and fled".[4][5]

Interpretations

The example of Umm Waraqah is based on a Hadith which has been graded Hasan (Acceptable) by Al Albani.[6] The hadith also refutes the argument made by Imam Nawawi as it states that the Muezzin was an old man who prayed behind her so she did lead men in prayer.

The example of Umm Waraqah serves as the basis for the opinion among some Islamic jurists that women are permitted to not only lead other women in prayer, but that they may also lead mixed-sex congregations under the circumstance that she leads from behind the male congregation, does not beautify her voice, that there is no man available with any knowledge of the Quran, and that she leads them in a nafl prayer and not a fardh prayer. This is a minority opinion in the Hanbali tradition.[7] The Hanbali tradition does not take the hadith of Umm Waraqah as daleel (proof used while drawing a conclusion from Islamic law), because Umm Waraqah did not have any men in her household to lead in prayer.[8]

References

  1. ↑ Walter, Wiebke (1981). Women in Islam. Markus Wiener Publishers. p. 111.
  2. ↑ Khankan, Sherin (2018). Women are the Future of Islam. Ebury Publishing.
  3. ↑ Shafiq, Muhammad; Donlin-Smith, Thomas, eds. (2019). Making Gender in the Intersection of the Human and the Divine. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 265.
  4. ↑ Ibn Sa'd: Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir, vol. 8, p. 335.
  5. ↑ Asma Afsaruddin, "Reconstituting Women's Lives: Gender and the Poetics of Narrative in Medieval Biographical Collections," The Muslim World 92 (Fall 2002): 462.
  6. ↑ "Sunan Abi Dawud - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)". sunnah.com. Retrieved 2023-05-17.
  7. ↑ See Christopher Melchert, "Whether to keep women out of the mosque: a survey of medieval Islamic Law." In Authority, Privacy and Public Order in Islam. Proceedings of the 22nd Congress of L’Union Européenne des Arabisants et Islamisants, eds. B. Michalak-Pikulska and A. Pikulski (Leuven, 2006), 59-69.
  8. ↑ Nawawi, Imam. Majmoo' Volume 4. p. 152.
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