Turandot
Opera by Giacomo Puccini
The cover of the score printed by Ricordi
Librettist
LanguageItalian
Based onCarlo Gozzi's play Turandot
Premiere
25 April 1926 (1926-04-25)
Teatro alla Scala, Milan
Libretto, 1926

Turandot (Italian: [turanˈdɔt] ⓘ;[1][2] see below) is an opera in three acts by Giacomo Puccini to a libretto in Italian by Giuseppe Adami and Renato Simoni. Puccini left the opera unfinished at the time of his death in 1924; it premiered in 1926 after the music was posthumously completed by Franco Alfano.

The opera is set in China and follows the Prince Calaf, who falls in love with the cold Princess Turandot.[3] In order to win her hand in marriage, a suitor must solve three riddles, with a wrong answer resulting in their execution. Calaf passes the test, but Turandot refuses to marry him. He offers her a way out: if she is able to guess his name before dawn the next day, he will accept death.

Origin and pronunciation of the name

The title of the opera is derived from the Persian term Turandokht (توراندخت, 'daughter of Turan'), a name frequently given to Central Asian princesses in Persian poetry. Turan is a region of Central Asia that was once part of the Persian Empire. Dokht is a contraction of dokhtar (daughter); the kh and t are both pronounced.[4]

Standard Italian pronunciation prescribes pronouncing the final t. However, according to Puccini scholar Patrick Vincent Casali, the t is silent in the name of the opera and of its title character, thus [turanˈdo]. Soprano Rosa Raisa, who created the title role, said that neither Puccini nor Arturo Toscanini, who conducted the first performances, ever pronounced the final t.[5] Similarly, prominent Turandot Eva Turner did not pronounce the final t in television interviews. Casali maintains that the musical setting of many of Calaf's utterances of the name makes sounding the final t all but impossible.[6] On the other hand, Simonetta Puccini, the composer's granddaughter and keeper of the Villa Puccini and Mausoleum, has said that the final t must be pronounced.[7]

Composition history

The beginnings of Turandot can likely be found in Haft Peykar, a twelfth-century epic by the Persian poet Nizami. One of the stories in Haft Peykar features a Russian princess.[8] In 1722, François Pétis de la Croix published his Les Mille et un jours (The Thousand and One Days), a collection of stories which were purportedly taken from Middle Eastern folklore and mythologies.[9] One of these stories, believed to be inspired by Nizami, features a cold princess named Turandokht.[10] However, it has been speculated that many of de la Croix's 'translated' stories were his own original creations, with no actual basis in Middle Eastern cultures.[9] De la Croix's story was adapted into a play, Turandot, by the Italian playwright Carlo Gozzi in 1762, which was then adapted by Friedrich Schiller into another play in 1801. It was Schiller's version that inspired Puccini to write the opera.[11]

"In questa reggia" – quotation from the reduced score

Puccini began working on Turandot in March 1920 after meeting with librettists Giuseppe Adami and Renato Simoni. In his impatience, he began composition in January 1921, before Adami and Simoni had produced the text for the libretto.[12] As with Madama Butterfly, Puccini strove for a semblance of authenticity by using music from the region, even commissioning a set of thirteen custom-made gongs.[13] Baron Edoardo Fassini-Camossi, the former Italian diplomat to China, gave Puccini a music box that played 4 Chinese melodies.[14] Puccini incorporated three of these melodies into his opera, the most memorable of which is the folk melody "Mò Li Hūa (茉莉花)" ('Jasmine Flower').[15] Mò Li Hūa serves as a leitmotif for Princess Turandot. In total, eight of the themes from Turandot appear to be based on traditional Chinese music and anthems.[16]

By March 1924, Puccini had completed the opera up to the final duet. However, he was dissatisfied with the text of the final duet, and did not continue until 8 October, when he chose Adami's fourth version of the duet text. Two days later, he was diagnosed with throat cancer. Puccini seems to have had some inkling of the seriousness of his condition: before leaving for Brussels for treatment, he visited Arturo Toscanini and begged him, "Don't let my Turandot die."[17] He died of a heart attack on 29 November 1924.[18]

Completion of the score after Puccini's death

When Puccini died, the first two of the three acts were fully composed, including the orchestration. Puccini had composed and fully orchestrated Act Three up until Liù's death and funeral cortege. In the sense of finished music, this was the last music composed by Puccini.[19][20] He left behind 36 pages of sketches on 23 sheets for the end of Turandot. Some sketches were in the form of "piano-vocal" or "short score", including vocal lines with "two to four staves of accompaniment with occasional notes on orchestration."[21] These sketches provided music for some, but not all, of the final portion of the libretto.

Puccini left instructions that Riccardo Zandonai should finish the opera. Puccini's son Tonio objected, and eventually Franco Alfano was chosen to flesh out the sketches after Vincenzo Tommasini (who had completed Boito's Nerone after the composer's death) and Pietro Mascagni were rejected. Puccini's publisher Tito Ricordi II decided on Alfano because his opera La leggenda di Sakùntala resembled Turandot in its setting and heavy orchestration.[22] Alfano provided a first version of the ending with a few passages of his own, and even a few sentences added to the libretto, which was not considered complete even by Puccini. After the severe criticisms by Ricordi and the conductor Arturo Toscanini, he was forced to write a second, strictly censored version that followed Puccini's sketches more closely, to the point where he did not set some of Adami's text to music because Puccini had not indicated how he wanted it to sound. Ricordi's real concern was not the quality of Alfano's work; he wanted the end of Turandot to sound as if it had been written by Puccini. Of this version, about three minutes were cut for performance by Toscanini, and it is this shortened version that is usually performed today.

Performance history

Turandot premiered at the La Scala opera house in Milan, Italy, on 25 April 1926, a year and five months after Puccini's death. Rosa Raisa played Turandot. Tenors Miguel Fleta and Franco Lo Giudice alternated in the role of Prince Calaf, with Fleta singing the role on opening night. It was conducted by Arturo Toscanini. In the middle of Act III, the orchestra stopped playing. Toscanini turned to the audience and announced, "Qui finisce l'opera, perché a questo punto il maestro è morto" ("Here the opera ends, because at this point the maestro died"). The curtain was then lowered.[23] A reporter for La Stampa recorded the words slightly differently: "Qui finisce l'opera, rimasta incompiuta per la morte del povero Puccini" ("Here the opera ends, left incomplete by the death of the poor Puccini").[24] Others have reported that Toscanini said "Here, the Maestro laid down his pen."[25] A newspaper report from 1926 states that Puccini asked Toscanini to stop the opera performance in the middle of Act III.[24] The second and subsequent performances of the 1926 La Scala season included Alfano's ending.[26]

Soon after its premiere in Milan, Turandot spread to other cities.

City Location Date of first performance Starring Conductor Other information
Milan, Italy La Scala 25 April 1926 Rosa Raisa as Turandot

Miguel Fleta and Franco Lo Giudice as Calaf (alternating)

 Arturo Toscanini (premiere, and possibly second and third performances)

Ettore Panizza (all performances after Toscanini's departure)

 Sources disagree on which conductor led the second and third performances. Toscanini biographer Harvey Sachs claims that Toscanini conducted the second and third performances before withdrawing due to nervous exhaustion.[27] Other authors believe that Toscanini left after the first performance.[28]
Rome, Italy[29] Teatro Costanzi 29 April 1926 -- --
Buenos Aires, Argentina[30] Teatro Colón 23 June 1926 Claudia Muzio as Turandot

Giacomo Lauri Volpi as Calaf

 Gino Marinuzzi
Dresden, Germany[29] 4 July 1926 Anne Roselle as Turandot

Richard Tauber as Calaf

 Fritz Busch Performed in German
Venice, Italy[29] La Fenice 9 September 1926 -- --
Vienna, Austria[29] Vienna State Opera 14 October 1926 Lotte Lehmann as Turandot

Leo Slezak as Calaf

 Franz Schalk
Berlin, Germany[29] 8 November 1926 Mafalda Salvatini as Turandot
New York City, United States[31] Metropolitan Opera 16 November 1926 Maria Jeritza as Turandot

Giacomo Lauri Volpi as Calaf

 Tullio Serafin
Brussels, Belgium[29] La Monnaie 17 December 1926 Victor Verteneuil as Calaf[32] Performed in French
Naples, Italy[29] Teatro di San Carlo 17 January 1927
Parma, Italy[29] 12 February 1927
Turin, Italy[29] 17 March 1927
London, United Kingdom[29] Covent Garden 8 June 1927[33] Bianca Scacciati as Turandot[33]

Francesco Merli as Calaf[33]

 Vincenzo Bellezza[33]
San Francisco, United States[29] San Francisco Opera 19 September 1927 Anne Roselle as Turandot

Armand Tokatyan as Calaf[34]

 Gaetano Merola[34]
Bologna, Italy[29] Teatro Comunale di Bologna[35] 29 October 1927[35]
Paris, France[29] Paris Opera 29 March 1928
Australia[29] 1928 Francesco Merli as Calaf
Moscow, Russia[29] Bolshoi Theatre 1931

For many years, the government of the People's Republic of China forbade performance of Turandot because they said it portrayed China and the Chinese unfavorably.[36][37] Instead of a single nationwide decree against it, any attempts to produce it were not approved.[38] In the late 1990s they relented, and in September 1998 the opera was performed for eight nights as Turandot at the Forbidden City, complete with opulent sets and soldiers from the People's Liberation Army as extras. It was an international collaboration, with director Zhang Yimou as choreographer and Zubin Mehta as conductor. The singing roles saw Giovanna Casolla, Audrey Stottler, and Sharon Sweet as Princess Turandot; Sergej Larin and Lando Bartolini as Calaf; and Barbara Frittoli, Cristina Gallardo-Domâs, and Barbara Hendricks as Liù.

The aria "Nessun dorma" has long been a staple of operatic recitals. Luciano Pavarotti popularized the piece beyond the opera world in the 1990s with his performance of it for the 1990 World Cup, which received a global audience.[39] Both Pavarotti and Plácido Domingo released singles of the aria, with Pavarotti's reaching number 2 in the UK.[40][41] The Three Tenors performed the aria at three subsequent World Cup Finals, in 1994 in Los Angeles, 1998 in Paris, and 2002 in Yokohama.[39] Many crossover and pop artists have performed and recorded it and the aria has been used in the soundtracks of numerous films.[42] Turandot is a staple of the standard operatic repertoire and it appears as number 17 on the Operabase list of the most-performed operas worldwide.[43]

Alfano's and other versions

The debate over which version of the ending is better is still open.[28] Alfano's original ending to the opera was first recorded (as part of an album with Josephine Barstow singing final scenes of several operas) by John Mauceri and Scottish Opera (with Josephine Barstow and Lando Bartolini as soloists) for Decca Records in 1990 to great acclaim.[44][45] However, it may have been staged in Germany in the early years, since Ricordi had commissioned a German translation of the text and a number of scores were printed in Germany with the full final scene included. Alfano's second ending has been further redacted as well: Turandot's aria "Del primo pianto" was performed at the premiere but cut from the first complete recording; it was eventually restored to most performances of the opera.

From 1976 to 1988, the American composer Janet Maguire, convinced that the whole ending is coded in the sketches left by Puccini, composed a new ending,[46] but this has never been performed.[47] In 2001, Luciano Berio made a new completion sanctioned by Casa Ricordi and the Puccini estate, using Puccini's sketches but also expanding the musical language. It was subsequently performed in the Canary Islands and Amsterdam conducted by Riccardo Chailly, Los Angeles conducted by Kent Nagano, at the Salzburg Festival conducted by Valery Gergiev in August 2002. However, its reception was mixed.[48][49]

In late 2007, Chinese composer Hao Weiya made another completion before the opening of National Centre for the Performing Arts, also resulting in a mixed reception.[50]

Roles

Roles, voice types, premier cast
Role Voice type Premiere cast, 25 April 1926
Conductor: Arturo Toscanini
Princess Turandot soprano Rosa Raisa
The Emperor Altoum, her father tenor Francesco Dominici
Timur, the deposed King of Tartary bass Carlo Walter
The Unknown Prince (Calaf), his son tenor Miguel Fleta
Liù,[note 1] a slave girl soprano Maria Zamboni
Ping, Lord Chancellor baritone Giacomo Rimini
Pang, Majordomo tenor Emilio Venturini
Pong, Head chef of the Imperial Kitchen tenor Giuseppe Nessi
A Mandarin baritone Aristide Baracchi
The Prince of Persia tenor Not named in the original program
The Executioner (Pu-Tin-Pao) silent Not named in the original program
Imperial guards, the executioner's men, boys, priests, mandarins, dignitaries, eight wise men,
Turandot's handmaids, soldiers, standard-bearers, musicians, ghosts of suitors, crowd

Synopsis

Place: Peking, China
Time: Legendary times

Act 1

Anna May Wong as Princess Turandot in a 1937 dramatic adaptation of Gozzi's Turandot at the Westport Country Playhouse

In front of the imperial palace

In China, the beautiful Princess Turandot will marry only a suitor who can answer three riddles. A Mandarin announces the law of the land (Aria – "Popolo di Pechino!" – "People of Peking!"). The Prince of Persia has failed to answer the three riddles, and he is to be beheaded at the next rising moon. As the crowd surges towards the gates of the palace, the imperial guards brutally repulse them, causing a blind old man to be knocked to the ground. The old man's slave-girl, Liù, cries out for help. A young man hears her cry and recognizes that the old man is his long-lost father, Timur, the deposed king of Tartary. The young Prince of Tartary is overjoyed at seeing Timur alive, but still urges Timur to not speak his name because he is afraid that the Chinese rulers, who have conquered Tartary, may kill or harm them. Timur then tells his son that, of all his servants, only Liù has remained faithful to him. When the Prince asks her why, she tells him that once, long ago in the palace, the Prince had smiled at her (Trio with chorus – The crowd, Liù, Prince of Tartary, Timur: "Indietro, cani!" – "Back, dogs!").

The moon rises, and the crowd's cries for blood dissolve into silence. The doomed Prince of Persia, who is on his way to be executed, is led before the crowd. The young Prince is so handsome and kind that the crowd and the Prince of Tartary decide that they want Turandot to act compassionately, and they beg Turandot to appear and spare his life (Aria – The crowd, Prince of Tartary: "O giovinetto!" – "O youth!"). She then appears, and with a single imperious gesture, orders the execution to continue. The Prince of Tartary, who has never seen Turandot before, falls immediately in love with her, and joyfully cries out Turandot's name three times, foreshadowing the riddles to come. Then the Prince of Persia cries out Turandot's name one final time, mirroring the Prince of Tartary. The crowd, horrified, screams out one final time and the Prince of Persia is beheaded.

The Prince of Tartary is dazzled by Turandot's beauty. He is about to rush towards the gong and to strike it three times – the symbolic gesture of whoever wishes to attempt to solve the riddles so that he can marry Turandot – when the ministers Ping, Pang, and Pong appear. They urge him cynically not to lose his head for Turandot and instead to go back to his own country ("Fermo, che fai?" "Stop, what are you doing?"). Timur urges his son to desist, and Liù, who is secretly in love with the Prince, pleads with him not to attempt to solve the riddles ("Signore, ascolta!" – "Lord, hear!"). Liù's words touch the Prince's heart. He begs Liù to make Timur's exile more bearable by not abandoning Timur if the Prince fails to answer the riddles ("Non piangere, Liù" – "Do not cry, Liù"). The three ministers, Timur, and Liù then try one last time to stop the Prince ("Ah! Per l'ultima volta!" – "Ah! For the last time!") from attempting to answer the riddles, but he refuses to heed their advice.

He calls Turandot's name three times, and each time Liù, Timur, and the ministers reply, "Death!" and the crowd declares, "We're already digging your grave!" Rushing to the gong that hangs in front of the palace, the Prince strikes it three times, declaring himself to be a suitor. From the palace balcony, Turandot accepts his challenge, as Ping, Pang, and Pong laugh at the Prince's foolishness.

Act 2

Il vasto piazzale della Reggia, set design for Turandot act 2 scene 2 (1924)

Scene 1: A pavilion in the imperial palace. Before sunrise

Ping, Pang, and Pong lament their place as ministers, poring over palace documents and presiding over endless rituals. They prepare themselves for either a wedding or a funeral (Trio – Ping, Pang, Pong: "Ola, Pang!"). Ping suddenly longs for his country house in Honan, with its small lake surrounded by bamboo. Pong remembers his grove of forests near Tsiang, and Pang recalls his gardens near Kiu. The three share their fond memories of their lives away from the palace (Trio – Ping, Pang, Pong: "Ho una casa nell'Honan" – "I have a house in Honan"). They turn their thoughts back to how they have been accompanying young princes to their deaths. As the palace trumpet sounds, the ministers ready themselves for another spectacle as they await the entrance of their Emperor.

Scene 2: The courtyard of the palace. Sunrise

The Emperor Altoum, father of Turandot, sits on his grand throne in his palace. Weary of having to judge his isolated daughter's sport, he urges the Prince to withdraw his challenge, but the Prince refuses (Aria – Altoum, the Prince: "Un giuramento atroce" – "An atrocious oath"). Turandot enters and explains ("In questa reggia" – "In this palace") that her ancestress of millennia past, Princess Lo-u-Ling, reigned over her kingdom "in silence and joy, resisting the harsh domination of men" until she was raped and murdered by an invading foreign prince. Turandot claims that Lo-u-Ling now lives in her and, out of revenge, Turandot has sworn never to let any man wed her. She warns the Prince to withdraw but again he refuses. The Princess presents her first riddle: "Straniero, ascolta!" – "What is born each night and dies each dawn?" The Prince correctly replies, Speranza – "Hope". The Princess, unnerved, presents her second riddle ("Guizza al pari di fiamma" – "What flickers red and warm like a flame, but is not fire?") The Prince thinks for a moment before replying, Sangue – "Blood". Turandot is shaken. The crowd shouts at the Prince, provoking Turandot's anger. She presents her third riddle ("Gelo che ti da foco" – "What is ice which gives you fire and which your fire freezes still more?"). He proclaims, "It is Turandot! Turandot!"

The crowd roars for the triumphant Prince. Turandot throws herself at her father's feet and pleads with him not to leave her to the Prince's mercy. The Emperor insists that an oath is sacred and that it is Turandot's duty to wed the Prince (Duet – Turandot, Altoum, the Prince: "Figlio del cielo"). She cries out in despair, "Will you take me by force? (Mi porterai con la forza?) The Prince stops her, saying that he has a riddle for her: "You do not know my name. Tell me my name before sunrise, and at dawn, I will die." Turandot accepts. The Emperor then declares that he hopes that he will be able to call the Prince his son when the sun next rises.

Act 3

Scene 1: The palace gardens. Night

In the distance, heralds call out Turandot's command: "Cosi comanda Turandot" – "This night, none shall sleep in Peking! The penalty for all will be death if the Prince's name is not discovered by morning." The Prince waits for dawn and anticipates his victory: "Nessun dorma" – "No one is sleeping!"

Ping, Pong, and Pang appear and offer the Prince women and riches if he will only give up Turandot ("Tu che guardi le stelle"), but he refuses. A group of soldiers then drag in Timur and Liù. They have been seen speaking to the Prince, so they must know his name. Turandot enters and orders Timur and Liù to speak. The Prince feigns ignorance, saying they know nothing. But when the guards begin to treat Timur harshly, Liù declares that she alone knows the Prince's name, but she will not reveal it.

Ping demands the Prince's name, and when Liù refuses to say it, she is tortured. Turandot is clearly taken aback by Liù's resolve and asks Liù who or what gave her such a strong resolve. Liù answers, "Princess, love!" ("Principessa, amore!"). Turandot demands that Ping tear the Prince's name from Liù, and Ping orders Liù to be tortured even more. Liù counters Turandot ("Tu che di gel sei cinta" – "You who are encircled by ice"), saying that Turandot too will learn the exquisite joy of being guided by caring and compassionate love.[note 2] Having spoken, Liù seizes a dagger from a soldier's belt and stabs herself. As she staggers towards the Prince and falls dead, the crowd screams for her to speak the Prince's name. Since Timur is blind, he must be told about Liù's death, and he cries out in anguish.

When Timur warns that the gods will be offended by Liù's death, the crowd becomes subdued, very afraid and ashamed. The grieving Timur and the crowd follow Liù's body as it is carried away. Everybody departs, leaving the Prince and Turandot alone. He reproaches Turandot for her cruelty (Duet – The Prince, Turandot: "Principessa di morte" – "Princess of death"), then takes her in his arms and kisses her in spite of her resistance.[note 3]

The Prince tries to persuade Turandot to love him. At first, she feels disgusted, but after he kisses her, she feels herself becoming more ardently desiring to be held and compassionately loved by him. She admits that ever since she met the Prince, she realized she both hated and loved him. She asks him to ask for nothing more and to leave, taking his mystery with him. The Prince, however, then reveals his name: "Calaf, son of Timur – Calaf, figlio di Timur", thereby placing his life in Turandot's hands. She can now destroy him if she wants (Duet – Turandot, Calaf: "Del primo pianto").

Scene 2: The courtyard of the palace. Dawn

Turandot and Calaf approach the Emperor's throne. She declares that she knows the Prince's name: ("Diecimila anni al nostro Imperatore!") – "It is ... love!" The crowd sings and acclaims the two lovers ("O sole! Vita! Eternità").

Critical response

While long recognised as the most tonally adventurous of Puccini's operas,[52] Turandot has also been considered a flawed masterpiece, and some critics have been hostile. Joseph Kerman states that "Nobody would deny that dramatic potential can be found in this tale. Puccini, however, did not find it; his music does nothing to rationalize the legend or illuminate the characters."[53] Kerman also wrote that while Turandot is more "suave" musically than Puccini's earlier opera, Tosca, "dramatically it is a good deal more depraved."[54] However, Sir Thomas Beecham once remarked that anything that Joseph Kerman said about Puccini "can safely be ignored".[55]

Some of this criticism is possibly due to the standard Alfano ending (Alfano II), in which Liù's death is followed almost immediately by Calaf's "rough wooing" of Turandot, and the "bombastic" end to the opera. A later attempt at completing the opera was made, with the co-operation of the publishers, Ricordi, in 2002 by Luciano Berio. The Berio version is considered to overcome some of these criticisms, but critics such as Michael Tanner have failed to be wholly convinced by the new ending, noting that the criticism by the Puccini advocate Julian Budden still applies: "Nothing in the text of the final duet suggests that Calaf's love for Turandot amounts to anything more than a physical obsession: nor can the ingenuities of Simoni and Adami's text for 'Del primo pianto' convince us that the Princess's submission is any less hormonal."[56]

Ashbrook and Powers consider it was an awareness of this problem – an inadequate buildup for Turandot's change of heart, combined with an overly successful treatment of the secondary character (Liù) – which contributed to Puccini's inability to complete the opera.[28] Another alternative ending, written by Chinese composer Hao Wei Ya, has Calaf pursue Turandot but kiss her tenderly, not forcefully; and the lines beginning "Del primo pianto" (Of the first tears) are expanded into an aria where Turandot tells Calaf more fully about her change of heart.[57][38][58]

Concerning the compelling believability of the self-sacrificial Liù character in contrast to the two mythic protagonists, biographers note echoes in Puccini's own life. He had had a servant named Doria, whom his wife accused of sexual relations with Puccini. The accusations escalated until Doria killed herself. In Turandot, Puccini lavished his attention on the familiar sufferings of Liù, as he had on his many previous suffering heroines. However, in the opinion of Father Owen Lee, Puccini was out of his element when it came to resolving the tale of his two allegorical protagonists. Finding himself completely outside his normal genre of verismo, he was incapable of completely grasping and resolving the necessary elements of the mythic, unable to "feel his way into the new, forbidding areas the myth opened up to him"[59] – and thus unable to finish the opera in the two years before his unexpected death.

Instrumentation

Turandot is scored for three flutes (the third doubling piccolo); two oboes; one cor anglais; two clarinets in B-flat; one bass clarinet in B-flat, two bassoons; one contrabassoon; two onstage alto saxophones in E-flat; four French horns in F; three trumpets in F; three tenor trombones; one contrabass trombone; six onstage trumpets in B-flat, three onstage trombones; and one onstage bass trombone; a percussion section with timpani, cymbals, gong, one triangle, one snare drum, one bass drum, one tam-tam, one glockenspiel, one xylophone, one bass xylophone, tubular bells, and tuned Chinese gongs;[60] one onstage wood block; one onstage large gong; one celesta; one pipe organ; two harps; and strings.

Recordings

Notes

  1. ↑ Note that the grave accent (`) in the name Liù is not a pinyin tone mark indicating a falling tone, but an Italian diacritic that marks stress, indicating that the word is pronounced [ˈlju] or [liˈu] rather than [ˈliːu]. If the name is analyzed as an authentic Mandarin-language name, it is likely to be one of several characters pronounced Liu (with different tones), commonly used as surnames: 刘 Liú [ljôu] or 柳 Liǔ [ljòu]. A translation of the song guide hosted by the National Taiwan University refers to her as 柳兒 Liǔ ér.
  2. ↑ The words of that aria were actually written by Puccini. Waiting for Adami and Simoni to deliver the next part of the libretto, he wrote the words and when they read them, they decided that they could not improve them.[51]
  3. ↑ Here Puccini's work ends. The remainder of the music for the premiere was completed by Franco Alfano.

References

Citations

  1. ↑ Bruno Migliorini (ed.). "Turandot". Dizionario italiano multimediale e multilingue d'ortografia e di pronunzia (in Italian). Retrieved 5 August 2019.
  2. ↑ Luciano Canepari. "Turandot". Dizionario di pronuncia italiana online (in Italian). Retrieved 5 August 2019.
  3. ↑ Turandot's Homecoming: Seeking the Authentic Princess of China in a New Contest of Riddles Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Master of Music thesis by Ying-Wei Tiffany Sung, Graduate College of Bowling Green State University, August 2010
  4. ↑ "To pronounce the 't' or not when it comes to Turando". The Sydney Morning Herald. 17 June 2016. Retrieved 7 July 2019.
  5. ↑ Rosa Raisa, Puccini's first Princess Turandot – How to pronounce the name 'Turandot' on YouTube
  6. ↑ Casali, Patrick Vincent (July 1997). "The Pronunciation of Turandot: Puccini's Last Enigma". The Opera Quarterly. 13 (4): 77–91. doi:10.1093/oq/13.4.77. ISSN 0736-0053.
  7. ↑ Kurtzman, Neil (22 December 2008). "Turandot Without the T". Medicine-Opera.com. Retrieved 7 July 2019.
  8. ↑ Nizami (21 August 2015). Haft Paykar: A Medieval Persian Romance. Hackett Publishing Company, Incorporated. p. xviii. ISBN 978-1-62466-446-5.
  9. 1 2 based on a story by the Persian poet Nizami Retrieved 23 November 2016.
  10. ↑ Karl Gustav Vollmoeller, Turandot, Princess of China: A Chinoiserie in Three Acts, 1913, online at manybooks.net. Retrieved 8 July 2011
  11. ↑ Turandot, Prinzessin von China by Friedrich Schiller at Project Gutenberg. Freely translated from Schiller by Sabilla Novello: Turandot: The Chinese Sphinx by Friedrich Schiller at Project Gutenberg.
  12. ↑ Ashbrook & Powers 1991, p. 65.
  13. ↑ "Howard Van Hyning, Percussionist and Gong Enthusiast, Dies at 74" by Margalit Fox, The New York Times, 8 November 2010. Accessed 9 November 2010.
  14. ↑ Christian Utz (2021). Musical Composition in the Context of Globalization. transcript Verlag. ISBN 9783839450956.
  15. ↑ W. Anthony Sheppard (17 June 2012). "Music Box as Muse to Puccini's 'Butterfly'". The New York Times.
  16. ↑ Ashbrook & Powers 1991, Chapter 4.
  17. ↑ Carner 1958, p. 403.
  18. ↑ Carner 1958, p. 417.
  19. ↑ Fisher, Burton D. (2007). Puccini Companion: The Glorious Dozen: Turandot. Opera Journeys Publishing. p. 24.
  20. ↑ Ashbrook, William (1985). The Operas of Puccini. New York: Cornell University Press by arrangement with Oxford University Press. p. 224. ISBN 9780801493096.
  21. ↑ Ashbrook & Powers 1991, p. 224
  22. ↑ "Turandot: Concert Opera Boston".
  23. ↑ Ashbrook & Powers 1991, pp. 126–32
  24. 1 2 "La prima rappresentazione di Turandot". La Stampa. 25 April 1926.
  25. ↑ Fiery, Ann; Malone, Peter (2003). At the Opera: Tales of the Great Operas. San Francisco: Chronicle Books. p. 218. ISBN 0-8118-2774-7.
  26. ↑ "La seconda di Turandot, il finale del M. Alfano". La Stampa. 28 April 1926.
  27. ↑ Sachs 1993, p. 179.
  28. 1 2 3 Ashbrook & Powers 1991, pp. 143, 154
  29. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 "Turandot". Pucciniblog. 7 June 2013. Retrieved 19 January 2023.
  30. ↑ Turandot performance history", Teatro Colón
  31. ↑ "GP at the Met: Turandot". PBS. 10 March 2020. Retrieved 19 January 2023.
  32. ↑ "Victor Verteneuil". historicaltenors.net. Retrieved 19 January 2023.
  33. 1 2 3 4 Blom, Eric (15 December 2015). "Puccini's Turandot: the first performance in England, reviewed in June 1927". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 January 2023.
  34. 1 2 "San Francisco Opera Performance Archive". archive.sfopera.com. Retrieved 19 January 2023.
  35. 1 2 "Giacomo Vaghi". Opera-Arias.com. Retrieved 19 January 2023.
  36. ↑ "Banned in China" Archived 13 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine, operacarolina.org
  37. ↑ "Banned in China because officials believed it portrays the country negatively", princeton.edu
  38. 1 2 A Princess Comes Home: Ken Smith explores how Turandot became China's national opera. Opera magazine, December 2012.
  39. 1 2 The Music Industry Handbook. Routledge. 2016. p. 219.
  40. ↑ "Official Charts (UK) – Luciano Pavarotti". OfficialCharts.com.
  41. ↑ "Official Charts (UK) – Placido Domingo". OfficialCharts.com.
  42. ↑ Dalley, Jan (6 November 2015). "The Life of a Song: 'Nessun Dorma'". Financial Times. Retrieved 10 May 2016.
  43. ↑ "Opera Statistics". Operabase. Retrieved 19 August 2013.
  44. ↑ Scottish Opera Chorus, Barstow (1 January 1990). Josephine Barstow: Opera Finales. Decca CD DDD 0289 430 2032 9 DH. Archived from the original on 20 May 2015. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  45. ↑ "Josephine Barstow sings Opera Finales". Gramophone. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  46. ↑ Maguire, Janet (1990). "Puccini's Version of the Duet and Final Scene of Turandot". The Musical Quarterly. 74 (3): 319–359. doi:10.1093/mq/74.3.319. JSTOR 741936.
  47. ↑ Burton, Deborah (2013). "The Puccini Code". Rivista di Analisi e Teoria Musicale. 19 (2): 7–32.
  48. ↑ Tommasini, Anthony (22 August 2002). "Critic's Notebook; Updating Turandot, Berio Style". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 November 2012.
  49. ↑ Inverne, James (18 August 2002). "Beginning of the End". Time. Retrieved 30 November 2012.(subscription required)
  50. ↑ Lim, Louisa (29 April 2008). "Chinese Composer Gives 'Turandot' a Fresh Finale". NPR. Retrieved 25 March 2022.
  51. ↑ Colin Kendell, The Complete Puccini, Amberley Publishing 2012
  52. ↑ Jonathan Christian Petty and Marshall Tuttle, "Tonal Psychology in Puccini's Turandot" Archived 21 November 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Center for Korean Studies, University of California, Berkeley and Langston University, 2001
  53. ↑ Kerman 1988, p. 206.
  54. ↑ Kerman 1988, p. 205.
  55. ↑ Carner 1958, p. 460.
  56. ↑ Tanner, Michael, "Hollow swan-song", The Spectator, 23 March 2003.
  57. ↑ Chinese Composer Gives Turandot a Fresh Finale, NPR's All Things Considered, 29 April 2008.
  58. ↑ "She (the princess) pledges to thwart any attempts of suitors because of an ancestor's abduction by a prince and subsequent death. She is not born cruel and is finally conquered by love. I will try to make Turandot more understandable and arouse the sympathy of Chinese audiences for her." Hao Wei Ya, A Princess Re-Born, China Daily 19 February 2008.
  59. ↑ Lee, Father Owen. "Turandot: Father Owen Lee Discusses Puccini's Turandot." Archived 9 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine Metropolitan Opera Radio Broadcast Intermission Feature, 4 March 1961.
  60. ↑ Blades, James, Percussion instruments and their history, Bold Strummer, 1992, p. 344. ISBN 0-933224-61-3

Sources

Further reading

  • Lo, Kii-Ming, »Turandot« auf der Opernbühne, Frankfurt/Bern/New York (Peter Lang) 1996, ISBN 3-631-42578-3.
  • Maehder, Jürgen and Sylvano Bussotti, Turandot, Pisa: Giardini, 1983.
  • Maehder, Jürgen, "Puccini's Turandot – A Fragment", in Nicholas John (ed.), Turandot, London: John Calder / New York: Riverrun, 1984, pp. 35–53.
  • Maehder, Jürgen, "La trasformazione interrotta della principessa. Studi sul contributo di Franco Alfano alla partitura di Turandot", in Jürgen Maehder (ed.), Esotismo e colore locale nell'opera di Puccini, Pisa (Giardini) 1985, pp. 143–170.
  • Maehder, Jürgen, "Studi sul carattere di frammento della Turandot di Giacomo Puccini", in Quaderni Pucciniani 2/1985, Milano: Istituto di Studi Pucciniani, 1986, pp. 79–163.
  • Maehder, Jürgen, Turandot-Studien, Deutsche Oper Berlin, Beiträge zum Musiktheater VI, season 1986/87, pp. 157–187.
  • Maehder, Jürgen (with Lo, Kii-Ming), Puccini's Turandot – Tong hua, xi ju, ge ju, Taipei (Gao Tan Publishing) 1998, 287 pp.
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