Tulul al-Baqarat
Tulul al-Baqarat is located in Iraq
Tulul al-Baqarat
Shown within Iraq
Alternative nameTulūl al-Baqarāt
LocationWasit Governorate, Iraq
Coordinates32°20′14.86″N 45°43′17.48″E / 32.3374611°N 45.7215222°E / 32.3374611; 45.7215222
Typesettlement
History
Foundedc. 2600 BC
Abandoned600 AD
PeriodsBronze Age, Iron Age
CulturesEarly Dynastic, Ur III period, Akkadian Period, Neo-Babylonian Empire
Site notes
Excavation dates2008-2021
ArchaeologistsCarlo Lippoles, Ayad Mahir Mahmud
ConditionRuined
OwnershipPublic
Public accessYes

Tulul al-Baqarat or Tulūl al-Baqarāt, is an ancient Near East archaeological site in Wasit Governorate of Iraq about 180 kilometers southeast of modern Baghdad. It is located seven kilometers to the northeast of Tell al-Wilayah (with which it was connected by an ancient canal) and 20 kilometers south of the city of Kut. The site was occupied from the 4th millennium BC to the Islamic period. It is thought to be the site of the ancient Early Dynastic city of Kesh.[1]

History

Various portions of Tulul al-Baqarat were occupied from the 4th millennium BC all the way up to the 1st millennium AD.[2]

  • The main mound, TB1, was occupied in the Uruk, Jemdet Nasr, Early Dynastic, Akkadian, Ur III period, Neo-Babylonian, Parthian and Islamic periods. Occupation in the 2nd millennium BC was sparse. This mound, the largest mound, measures 330 meters by 260 meters with an area of about 10 hectares and rises to about 12 meters in height. It contained a large religious on a large terrace. The complex contained three areas. The northern sector dates to the ED, Akkadian, and Ur II periods. The southern area consists of an open area with a monumental baked brick stairway leading to an upper terrace containing religious buildings. The construction of the Neo-Babylonian temple destroyed some of the earlier levels. The western area has been heavily damaged by looters and has not been explored. Mound TB1 has been proposed as the location of Kesh.[3]
  • Mound TB2 dates to the Late Islamic period. Stone inscriptions and tablets found by the Italian excavators carried the name of Naram-Sin of Akkad, Ur-Nammu (including a brick stamp on the construction of a temple for the goddess Ninhursag), Šulgi and Šū-Suen of Ur III, and Nabopolassar and Nebuchadnezzar of the Neo-Babylonians.[4]
  • Mound TB4 was occupied in the Jemdet Nasr and Early Dynastic periods based on a small sounding. It is low,about 2.5 meters, and its extent is 260 meters by 75 meters, with an area of about 2.3 hectares. It consists of two sub-mounds connected by a flat area. Bricks found were of the plano-convex type. It lies about 200 meters south of TB1.
  • Mound TB5 was occupied in the late 3rd millennium BC and early 2nd millennium BC. Bricks were found dated to the 26th year of the Ur III king Shulgi i.e. "(The divine) Šulgi, mighty man, king of Ur, king of the four quarters". TB5 is, rather was, a low area 400 meters by 250 meters.[5]
  • Mounds TB7/TB8 was occupied in the Late Uruk (Late Chalcolithic 2), Jemdet Nasr and Early Dynastic I period. These mounds are flat and rounded with TB7 being 280 meters in diameter (about 7.6 hectares) and TB8 180 meters in diameter (about 3.1 hectares). A large Uruk period building, judged to be residential, with associated graves, was found at the top of TB7 which lies one kilometers south of TB1.[3]
  • Mounds TB9/TB10 were occupied in the Sassanian and early Islamic periods.
  • Mounds TB3/TB6 were occupied in the Parthian and Islamic periods.

Archaeology

The site is about 3 kilometers across and contains ten tells. The largest mound TB1 was excavated, in response to serious looting, by a team from the Iraqi State Board of Antiquities and Heritage led by Ayad Mahir Mahmud from 2008 to 2010. They found an enclosed multiperiod temple/sanctuary area which had been rebuilt during the Neo-Babylonian period, dedicated to the goddess Ninhursag. Bricks used in the rebuilding had stamps of Nebuchadnezzar II. An apparent destruction layer was found dating to the end of the 3rd millennium BC. Mound TB4 was also briefly excavated with a single sounding on the southern end of the top. To date publication of architecture and stratigraphy have been limited.[6][7][8] In 2013 excavations by an Italian team from the University of Turin led by Dr. Carlo Lippoles, in conjunction with the Iraqi Department of General Investigation and Excavations resumed. The first season consisted of a survey and soundings on TB1 and TB4. The second season in 2015 entailed surveying and soundings on TB1 and TB7. In the 3rd season, surveying continued and augmented by laser scanning and excavation was extended on TB1 and TB7.[9][10][11] Another excavation season was held in 2021 and ran from 25 September to 17 November focusing on TB4 and TB7.[12] The 2022 excavation season was from 25 April to 22 May focusing on TB7 holding a large Uruk period residential building.

An important find at Tulul al-Baqarat was an Akkadian period diorite fragment with a long portion of the military campaign of Naram-Sin where he destroyed the city of Armanum and proceeded on tho the Cedar Mountains and the Mediterranean Sea.[13] Also found was a fragmentary Early Dynastic stele of a worship scene.[14]

By the time of the original Iraqi excavations the site was already heavily damaged by looters, especially in the northern and central sections. The looting exacerbated the already serious effects of erosion. Agricultural activity is also a major problem. The TB5 mound was surveyed in 2013 but by the time excavators returned in 2015 it had been completely bulldozed away, including 3 feet below the surface level, for cultivation even though it was a designated archaeological location. Numerous modern irrigation canals have also causes damage throughout Tulul al-Baqarat.[15][16]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Lippolis, C./M. Viano, "It is indeed a city, it is indeed a city! Who knows its interior? The historical and geographical setting of Tūlūl al-Baqarat. Some preliminary remarks", Mesopotamia, vol. 51, pp. 143–146", 2016
  2. ↑ Angelo Di Michele, "Tūlūl al-Baqarat: A Preliminary Assessment of the Pottery Assemblage", Mesopotamia, vol.51, pp. 101-126, 2016
  3. 1 2 Lippolis, Carlo, "Some Considerations on the Archaeological Area of Tulul al Baqarat (Wasit, Iraq)", Proceedings of the 12th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East. Vol. 2. Harrassowitz, 2023
  4. ↑ "Devecchi, E., "Epigraphic Finds from Tulul al-Baqarat dating in the Neo-Babylonian Period", Mesopotamia, vol. 51, pp. 135-142, 2016"
  5. ↑ Viano, M., "Royal inscriptions from Tūlūl al-Baqarat", Mesopotamia, vol.51, pp. 127–133, 2016
  6. ↑ "Mahmoud, A. M., "Final report of the archaeological excavation mission in Tulūl al-Baqarāt – Wasit, first season", [in Arabic], State Board of Antiquities and Heritage", 2008
  7. ↑ "Mahmoud, A. M., "Final report of the archaeological excavation mission in Tulūl al-Baqarāt – Wasit, second season", [in Arabic], State Board of Antiquities and Heritage, 2009
  8. ↑ "Mahmoud, A. M., "Final report of the archaeological excavation mission in Tulūl al-Baqarāt – Wasit, third season", [in Arabic]. State Board of Antiquities and Heritag, 2010
  9. ↑ "Lippolis C., Di Michele A., Quirico E., "Preliminary Report of the Expedition at Tūlūl al Baqarat (first season: 2013)", Sumer, vol. LXII, pp. 37-47, 2016
  10. ↑ "Lippolis C., "Preliminary Report of the Italian Expedition (MAITaB) at Tūlūl al-Baqarat (Wasit province). Seasons 2013-2016", Mesopotamia, vol. LI, pp. 67-145, 2017"
  11. ↑ Carlo Lippolis, "L' area archeologica di Tulul Al-Baqarat. Gli scavi della missione italiana. Interim Report (2013-2019)", Apice Libri, 2020 ISBN 9788899176983
  12. ↑ "An Italian Archaeological Excavation Mission Arrives In Wasit", National Iraqi News Agency, (2021, Oct 21)
  13. ↑ Nashat Alkhafaji and Gianni Marchesi, "Naram-Sin's War against Armanum and Ebla in a Newly-Discovered Inscription from Tulul al-Baqarat", Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. 79, no. 1, pp. 1-20, 2020
  14. ↑ Bahar, Awsam, "Sumerian and Akkadian Stelae from Tūlūl al Baqarat", Revue d’assyriologie et d’archéologie orientale 116.1, pp. 31-41, 2022
  15. ↑ Lippolis, C., Bruno, J., Quirico, E., Taha, A., Mohammed, H., & Taha, H., "The Tulul Al-Baqarat and Eduu Projects: Archaeological Research, Education and Cultural Heritage Enhancement.", Al-Adab Journal, vol. 1(125), pp. 1-14, 2018 ISSN: 1994473X
  16. ↑ Lippolis, Carlo, "Patterns of Destruction: the Looting of Tulul al Baqarat in the last 20 years.", Sumer, vol. 64, pp. 49-64", 2018

Further reading

  • Abd, B. J., "Unpublished cuneiform texts from the site of Tulul Al-Baqarat", [in Arabic], Journal of Studies in History and Antiquities, vol. 64, Baghdad, pp. 3–26", 2018
  • Bahar, Awsam, "Statues and Votive Vessels from Tulūl al-Baqarāt", Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie, vol. 110, no. 2, pp. 218–241, 2020
  • Bahar, Assist Prof Dr Awsam, "Rare Ritual Tablet from Tūlūl al Baqarat Site", for humanities sciences al qadisiya 25.2-2, pp. 108-130, 2022
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