Tricholoma magnivelare
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Agaricales
Family: Tricholomataceae
Genus: Tricholoma
Species:
T. magnivelare
Binomial name
Tricholoma magnivelare
(Peck) Redhead (1984)
Synonyms[1]
  • Agaricus ponderosus Peck (1873)
  • Agaricus magnivelaris Peck (1878)
  • Armillaria ponderosa Sacc. (1887)
  • Armillaria arenicola Murrill (1912)
  • Armillaria magnivelaris (Peck) Murrill (1914)
  • Tricholoma ponderosum (Sacc.) Singer (1951)

Tricholoma magnivelare, commonly known as the matsutake, white matsutake,[2] ponderosa mushroom, pine mushroom, or American matsutake,[3] is a gilled mushroom found East of the Rocky Mountains in North America growing in coniferous woodland. These ectomycorrhizal fungi are typically edible species that exist in a symbiotic relationship with various species of pine, commonly jack pine. They belong to the genus Tricholoma, which includes the closely related East Asian songi or matsutake as well as the Western matsutake (T. murrillianum) and Meso-American matsutake (Tricholoma mesoamericanum).

Species designation

Until recently, Tricholoma magnivelare was the name used to describe all matsutake mushrooms found growing in North America. Since the early 2000s, molecular data has indicated the presence of separate species previously grouped within T. magnivelare. Only those found in the Eastern United States and Canada have retained the T. magnivelare name.[4]

Description

The cap ranges from 5–20 cm (2–7+7⁄8 in) in width, and is white with reddish-yellow or brown spots. The stalk is 4–15 cm (1+5⁄8–5+7⁄8 in) tall and 2–6 cm wide. The spores are white.[5]

The mycelium is thought to be parasitized by the plant Allotropa virgata,[6] which primarily feeds on matsutake.[7]

Chemistry

This mushroom is noted for its distinctive odour/flavour. The major compound identified from fresh sporocarps is the fragrant compound, methyl cinnamate. Also, alpha-pinene and bornyl acetate are present in trace amounts in uncrushed samples. Tissue disruption of the sporocarp produces large amounts of 1-octen-3ol, a compound found in many mushrooms that has a typical mushroom-like odour. Cultures of the secondary mycelium of T. magnivelare did not have any of the compounds found in the sporocarp. The major volatile component of mycelial cultures is 3,5-dichloro-4-methoxybenzaldehyde. 3,5-Dichloro-4-methoxybenzyl alcohol and hexanal were identified as minor components from these cultures. [8]

Edibility

While tough,[5] the mushroom can be eaten both raw and cooked[9] and is considered choice.[10] In recent years, globalization and wider social acceptability of mushroom hunting has made collection of pine mushrooms widely popular in North America.

Local mushroom hunters sell their harvest daily to local depots, which rush them to airports. The mushrooms are then shipped fresh by air to Asia where demand is high and prices are at a premium.[11]

Serious poisonings have resulted from confusion of this mushroom with poisonous white Amanita species.[12]

Similar species

Similar species in the genus include Tricholoma apium,[6] T. caligatum, T. focale, and T. vernaticum.[5] Other similar species include Catathelasma imperiale, C. ventricosum, Russula brevipes, and the poisonous Amanita smithiana.[6]

See also

References

Tricholoma magnivelare
View the Mycomorphbox template that generates the following list
Gills on hymenium
Cap is convex
Hymenium is adnate or adnexed
Stipe has a ring
Spore print is white
Ecology is mycorrhizal
Edibility is choice
  1. ↑ "GSD Species Synonymy: Tricholoma magnivelare (Peck) Redhead". Species Fungorum. CAB International. Retrieved 2014-05-06.
  2. ↑ Arora, David (1986). Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi (Second ed.). Berkeley: Ten Speed Press. ISBN 978-0-89815-169-5.
  3. ↑ Tricholoma magnivelare. Botany.Wisc.edu. Accessed March 23, 2012.
  4. ↑ Trudell, Steven A.; Xu, Jianping; Saar, Irja; Justo, Alfredo; Cifuentes, Joaquin (May 2017). "North American matsutake: names clarified and a new species described". Mycologia. 109 (3): 379–390. doi:10.1080/00275514.2017.1326780. ISSN 0027-5514. PMID 28609221. S2CID 205448035.
  5. 1 2 3 Davis, R. Michael; Sommer, Robert; Menge, John A. (2012). Field Guide to Mushrooms of Western North America. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 163–164. ISBN 978-0-520-95360-4. OCLC 797915861.
  6. 1 2 3 Trudell, Steve; Ammirati, Joe (2009). Mushrooms of the Pacific Northwest. Timber Press Field Guides. Portland, OR: Timber Press. pp. 104–105. ISBN 978-0-88192-935-5.
  7. ↑ Moore, Andy. "Allotropa Virgata". Matsiman.com. Retrieved 2021-09-26.
  8. ↑ Wood W. F.; Lefevre C. K. (2007). "Changing volatile compounds from mycelium and sporocarp of American matsutake mushroom, Tricholoma magnivelare". Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. 35: 634–636. doi:10.1016/j.bse.2007.03.001.
  9. ↑ Meuninck, Jim (2017). Foraging Mushrooms Oregon: Finding, Identifying, and Preparing Edible Wild Mushrooms. Falcon Guides. p. 101. ISBN 978-1-4930-2669-2.
  10. ↑ Phillips, Roger (2010). Mushrooms and Other Fungi of North America. Buffalo, NY: Firefly Books. p. 42. ISBN 978-1-55407-651-2.
  11. ↑ The American Matsutake: Tricholoma magnivelare. Mushroom Expert. Accessed March 23, 2012.
  12. ↑ Tulloss RE. "Amanita smithiana". Amanitaceae.org. Retrieved 2014-05-06.
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