Figure skating element
Element nameToe loop jump
Scoring abbreviationT
Element typeJump
Take-off edgeBack outside
Landing edgeBack outside
InventorBruce Mapes

The toe loop jump is the simplest jump in the sport of figure skating. It was invented in the 1920s by American professional figure skater Bruce Mapes. The toe loop is accomplished with a forward approach on the inside edge of the blade; the skater then switches to a backward-facing position before their takeoff, which is accomplished from the skater's right back outside edge and left toepick. The jump is exited from the back outside edge of the same foot. It is often added to more difficult jumps during combinations and is the most common second jump performed in combinations. It is also the most commonly attempted jump.

History

The toe loop jump is the simplest of the six jumps in the sport of figure skating.[1] It was invented in the 1920s by American professional figure skater Bruce Mapes, who might have also invented the flip jump.[2] In competitions, the base value of a single toe loop is 0.40; the base value of a double toe loop is 1.30; the base value of a triple toe loop is 4.20; and the base value of a quadruple toe loop is 9.50.[3]

Firsts

Abbr. Jump element Skater Nation Event Ref.
3T Triple toe loopThomas Litz United States1964 World Championships[2]
4T Quadruple toe loop (men's)Kurt Browning Canada1988 World Championships[4][note 1]
Quadruple toe loop (women's)Alexandra Trusova Russia2018 World Championships[2][6]
4T+2T Quad toe loop-double toe loopElvis Stojko Canada1991 World Championships[2]
4T+3T Quad toe loop-triple toe loop (men's)Elvis Stojko Canada1991 World Championships[2]
Quad toe loop-triple toe loop (women's)Alexandra Trusova Russia2018 Junior Grand Prix Lithuania[7]
4T+3T+2Lo Quad toe loop-triple toe loop-double loopEvgeni Plushenko Russia1999 NHK Trophy[2]
4T+3T+3Lo Quad toe loop-triple toe loop-triple loopEvgeni Plushenko Russia2002 Cup of Russia[2]
4T+1Eu+3S Quad toe loop-Euler-triple SalchowAlexei Yagudin Russia2001 Skate Canada International[8]
4T+1Eu+3F Quad toe loop-Euler-triple flipYuzuru Hanyu Japan2019 Skate Canada International[9]
4T+3A+SEQ Quad toe loop-triple AxelYuzuru Hanyu Japan2018 Grand Prix of Helsinki[10]
4S+3T Quad Salchow-triple toe loopTimothy Goebel United States1999 Skate America[2][11]
4Lz+3T Quad lutz-triple toe loopJin Boyang China2015 Cup of China[2]

Technique

The toe loop is considered the simplest jump because not only do skaters use their toe-picks to execute it, their hips are already facing the direction in which they will rotate.[12] The toe loop is the easier jump to add multiple rotations to because the toe-assisted takeoff adds power to the jump and because a skater can turn their body toward the assisting foot at takeoff, which slightly reduces the rotation needed in the air.[13] It is often added to more difficult jumps during combinations and is the most common second jump performed in combinations.[14] It is also the most commonly attempted jump,[12] as well as "the most commonly cheated on take off jump",[15] or a jump in which the first rotation starts on the ice rather than in the air.[13] Adding a toe loop to combination jumps does not increase the difficulty of skaters' short or free skating programs.[16]

According to figure skating researcher Deborah King and her colleagues, the toe loop jump can be divided into four key events and three phases. The key events are: the toe-pick, or the moment the skater places his or her toepick into the ice; the take-off, or the last contact the skater makes with the ice; the jump's maximum height; and the landing, or the moment the skater returns to the ice. The three phases are: the approach, which begins when the skater initiates the three turn entering into the jump and ends when they initiate the toe-pick; propulsion, which begins at the toe-pick and ends at take-off; and flight, which begins at take-off and ends at landing.[17]

A skater initiates the toe loop with a forward approach on the inside edge of the blade,[1] then switches to a backward-facing position before its takeoff, which is accomplished from the skater's right back outside edge and left toepick. The jump is exited from the back outside edge of the same foot. The skater approaches the right back outside edge of his or her skate from the landing of a previous jump when done in combination, from the right back outside edge from a right forward inside-to-right back outside three turn, or from a left forward outside-left back inside three turn followed by a change of foot. After completing the three turn, the skater reaches their free leg behind them and slightly outside the direction they are traveling, much like a pole-vaulter. Then they place the left toepick in the ice with the opposite foot they will use to make the landing, and jump while pulling the right leg back and around the left and reaching forward and around with the right arm and shoulder, thus achieving the rotation. They draw their arms into the body for the desired number of rotations.[18][19] They should face forward, with their free leg approximately parallel to their take-off foot and with their arms as close to their body as possible, which results in keeping their arms and legs close to their bodies and remain in tight rotating positions at the moment of take-off, helping them attain faster rotational velocities in the air.[20]

King and her colleagues, when they studied quadruple toe loop jumps at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, Utah, counted 71 attempted quadruple toe loop jumps or quadruple toe-loop combination jumps. Of those, there were 33 quadruple toe loops performed not in combination with other jumps, 13 of which were landed cleanly, without a fall, without the skater touching a hand down on the ice, or without stepping out of the landing onto the other foot.[21] They also found that "the most significant aspect"[22] for completing toe loop jumps was the ability to increase rotational velocity while in the air. King also found that skaters who performed quadruple toe loops began to rotate their shoulders earlier than in triples, so that by the time they completed their toe-pick, their hips and shoulders were more aligned about their longitudinal axes. As a result, their hips and shoulders turned more uniformly during the propulsion phase of the jump.[20] Vertical take-off velocity, however, was higher for both quadruple and triple toe loops, resulting in "higher jumps and more time in the air to complete the extra revolution for the quadruple toe-loop".[22]

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Jozef Sabovcik of Czechoslovakia landed a quadruple toe loop at the 1986 European Championships, which was recognized at the event but then ruled invalid three weeks later due to a touchdown with his free foot.[5]

References

  1. 1 2 Park, Alice (22 February 2018). "How to Tell the Difference Between the 6 Figure Skating Jumps You'll See at the Olympics". Time Magazine. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "ISU Figure Skating Media Guide 2023/24". Retrieved 2023-10-12.
  3. ↑ "ISU Communication 2475 Single and Pair Skating 2022-24". Retrieved 12 October 2023.
  4. ↑ "A Quadruple Jump on Ice". The New York Times. Associated Press. 26 March 1988. ISSN 1553-8095. Archived from the original on 11 November 2012. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
  5. ↑ Wilner, Barry (2 December 1999). "The Quad: Skating's Evolution is for More Revolution". CBS Sports. New York City. Archived from the original on 29 January 2012. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
  6. ↑ "Trusova (RUS) Makes History with Two Quads in Golden Performance". International Skating Union. 10 March 2018. Archived from the original on 25 June 2021. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
  7. ↑ "Trusova (RUS) continues to make history, goes for three quads in Kaunas". International Skating Union. 10 September 2018. Archived from the original on 10 September 2018. Retrieved 4 October 2022.
  8. ↑ Bussat Ingwersen, Aline; Kenny, Patrick (3 November 2001). "MasterCard Skate Canada International, Day Three". International Skating Union. Archived from the original on 24 March 2012. Retrieved 4 October 2022.
  9. ↑ 羽生、独壇場V 新境地で自己新322・59点「自分に勝てたな」 [Hanyu single-handedly scoring a new personal best of 322.59 points in a new system "I think I beat myself"]. Sports Nippon (Sponichi Annex) (in Japanese). Tokyo. 28 October 2019. Archived from the original on 16 May 2021. Retrieved 4 October 2022.
  10. ↑ "Yuzuru Hanyu (JPN) Hits Quad Toe-Triple Axel En Route to Gold in Helsinki". International Skating Union. 4 November 2018. Archived from the original on 16 December 2019. Retrieved 4 October 2022.
  11. ↑ Pucin, Diane (26 December 1999). "He's Pushing the Envelope, Not That Anyone Notices". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 2165-1736. Archived from the original on 19 January 2022. Retrieved 4 October 2022.
  12. 1 2 Sarkar, Pritha; Fallon, Clare (28 March 2017). "Figure Skating - Breakdown of Quadruple Jumps, Highest Scores and Judging". Reuters. Retrieved 4 October 2022.
  13. 1 2 Kestnbaum. p. 287
  14. ↑ "Identifying Jumps" (PDF). U.S. Figure Skating. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 July 2017. Retrieved 4 October 2022.
  15. ↑ "ISU Judging System Technical Panel Handbook: Singles Skating 2022/2023". U.S. Figure Skating. 19 August 2022. p. 20. Archived from the original on 17 January 2021. Retrieved 4 October 2022.
  16. ↑ King et al., p. 112
  17. ↑ King et al., p. 113
  18. ↑ Abad-Santos, Alexander (5 February 2014). "A GIF Guide to Figure Skaters' Jumps at the Olympics". The Atlantic Monthly. Retrieved 4 October 2022.
  19. ↑ Kestnbaum, p. 288
  20. 1 2 King et al., p. 121
  21. ↑ King et al., p. 111
  22. 1 2 King et al., p. 120

Works cited

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.