Thomas Gould Phillips
Born(1937-04-18)18 April 1937
Watford, UK[1]
Died6 August 2022 (aged 85)[2]
Pasadena, California, USA[1]
Alma materUniversity of Oxford
Scientific career
FieldsPhysics, Astronomy
InstitutionsBell Labs, California Institute of Technology[2]
ThesisExperiments with spin waves and phonons at microwave frequencies (1964)
Doctoral advisorHarold Max Rosenberg
Doctoral studentsElliott R. Brown, Tom Buttgenbach, Robert J. Schoelkopf

Thomas Gould Phillips was a British-born physicist, who worked primarily in the United States. He was a pioneer in the field of submillimeter astronomy, who both developed new instrumentation and made ground-breaking observations.[2] He oversaw the construction of, and was the first and longest-serving director of the Caltech Submillimeter Observatory.[3]

Early career

After completing his doctorate at Oxford University in 1964, Phillips was a research associate at Stanford University for one year.[2] He returned to Oxford, serving as a lecturer for two years.[4]

In 1968, Phiilips moved to Bell Labs, where he worked down the hallway from Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson. After Phillips attended a talk by Penzias about the recent (1970) detection of CO in the Orion Nebula, Penzias challenged Phillips to build a more sensitive receiver for millimeter astronomy.[5] Phillips set about doing so, and in 1973 he made the first Indium Antimonide (InSb) hot electron bolometer heterodyne receiver used for astronomical observations.[6][7] The receiver had a noise temperature three times lower than the Schottky diode receivers Wilson and Penzias had used to detect CO,[8] and because the receiver also required less local oscillator power, it held the potential to be usable at higher frequencies.[5] A few years later, Phillips was able to get the receiver to operate at 346 GHz, in the submillimeter wavelength regime. Because no radio telescopes could operate at such a high frequency, he used it on the Hale Telescope, an optical telescope with a surface accuracy more than sufficient for submillimeter observations.[9] By 1980, Phillips' InSb receiver could operate at 492 GHz, and with it mounted on the Kuiper Airborne Observatory, the 3P1—3P0 fine structure line of neutral atomic carbon was detected in the interstellar medium.[10]

Caltech

Phillips arrived at Caltech in 1978, as a visiting associate. He joined Caltech's faculty as a professor of physics in 1979.[2]

By the late 1970s, Phillips had begun exploring a new receiver technology, the SIS receiver, whose optimization would occupy him for the next few decades.[11][5] In this same time period, Caltech was building a millimeter-wave interferometer at the Owens Valley Radio Observatory (OVRO), consisting of three (initially - later six) Leighton antennas. Phillips was made the director of OVRO during the period that the interferometer was made operational.[5][3]

The OVRO site was not good enough to allow submillimeter observations most of the time, so in 1980, Phillips began the process of getting permits and funding to move a Leighton antenna to Mauna Kea, a site high enough to allow submillimeter work.[3] As a result, the Caltech Submillimeter Observatory was constructed on Mauna Kea, and Phillips served as its first director.

Phillips spent decades working with NASA to launch a space-based submillimeter observatory.[5] Eventually US and European efforts to produce such an instrument were merged, and Phillips became the co-Principal Investigator for the HIFI receiver on the Herschel Space Observatory.[12]

Awards and honors

References

  1. 1 2 "Thomas G. Phillips". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles Times Communications LLC. August 14, 2022. Retrieved 9 February 2023.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Clavin, Whitney (August 2022). "Obituary: Thomas G. Phillips (1937-2022)". Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society. 54. doi:10.3847/25c2cfeb.f81cdc99. Retrieved 9 February 2023.
  3. 1 2 3 Steiger, Walter R. "A Brief History of the Caltech Submillimeter Observatory". California Institute of Technology. Retrieved 9 February 2023.
  4. ↑ "Thomas G. Phillips". Memorials. The International Society of Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves. Retrieved 9 February 2023.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 Siegel, Peter H. (2012). "Terahertz Pioneer: Thomas G. Phillips "The Sky Above, the Mountain Below"". IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology. 99: 1–7. doi:10.1109/TTHZ.2012.2211353. Retrieved 10 February 2023.
  6. ↑ Phillips, T. G.; Jefferts, K. B. (August 1973). "A low temperature bolometer heterodyne receiver for millimeter wave astronomy". Review of Scientific Instruments. 44: 1009–1014. Bibcode:1973RScI...44.1009P. doi:10.1063/1.1686288. Retrieved 9 February 2023.
  7. ↑ Phillips, T. G.; Jefferts, K. B.; Wannier, P. G. (November 1973). "Observation of the J = 2 TO J = 1 Transition of Interstellar CO at 1.3 Millimeters". Astrophysical Journal. 186: L19–L22. Bibcode:1973ApJ...186L..19P. doi:10.1086/181348. Retrieved 9 February 2023.
  8. ↑ Wilson, R. W.; Jefferts, K. B.; Penzias, A. A. (July 1970). "Carbon Monoxide in the Orion Nebula". Astrophysical Journal. 161: L43–L44. Bibcode:1970ApJ...161L..43W. doi:10.1086/180567. Retrieved 10 February 2023.
  9. ↑ Phillips, T. G.; Huggins, P. J.; Neugebauer, G.; Werner, M. W. (November 1977). "Detection of submillimeter (870 µm) CO emission from the Orion molecular cloud". Astrophysical Journal Letters. 217: L161–L164. Bibcode:1977ApJ...217L.161P. doi:10.1086/182561. Retrieved 10 February 2023.
  10. ↑ Phillips, T. G.; Huggins, P. J.; Kuiper, T. B. H.; Miller, R. E. (June 1980). "Detection of the 610 micron (492 GHz) line of interstellar atomic carbon". Astrophysical Journal Letters: L103–L106. Bibcode:1980ApJ...238L.103P. doi:10.1086/183267. Retrieved 10 February 2023.
  11. ↑ Phillips, T. G.; Woody, D. P. (1982). "Millimeter- and submillimeter-wave receivers". Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 20: 285–321. Bibcode:1982ARA&A..20..285P. doi:10.1146/annurev.aa.20.090182.001441. Retrieved 10 February 2023.
  12. ↑ "Herschel Science Team". European Space Agency. Retrieved 18 February 2023.
  13. ↑ "APS Fellow Archive". APS Fellow Archive. American Physical Society. Retrieved 9 February 2023.
  14. ↑ "Joseph Weber Award for Astronomical Instrumentation". Joseph Weber Award for Astronomical Instrumentation. American Astronomical Society. Retrieved 9 February 2023.
  15. ↑ "The Paris Observatory awards its Doctor Honoris Causa for 2014". Centre de recherche en astronomie et astrophysique. Observatoire de Paris. Retrieved 9 February 2023.
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