Thomas Barbour Bryan
Commissioner of the District of Columbia
In office
December 3, 1877 – July 1, 1878
Preceded byJohn H. Ketcham[1][2]
Succeeded byseat abolished[1][2]
Personal details
Born(1828-12-22)December 22, 1828
Alexandria, Virginia
DiedJanuary 26, 1906(1906-01-26) (aged 77)
Washington, D.C.
Resting placeOak Hill Cemetery, Washington, D.C.
Political partyRepublican
Spouse
Jennie Byrd Page
​
​
(m. 1850; died 1898)​
Children3 (including Charles Page Bryan and Jennie Byrd Bryan Payne)
Parent
RelativesJames Barbour (uncle)
Philip P. Barbour (uncle)
Thomas Barbour (grandfather)
Barbour Lathrop (nephew)
Bryan Lathrop (nephew)
Florence Lathrop Field Page (niece)
John Barton Payne (son-in-law)
Alma materHarvard University
Signature

Thomas Barbour Bryan (December 22, 1828 – January 26, 1906) was an American businessman, lawyer, and politician.

Born in Virginia, a member of the prestigious Barbour family on his mother's side, Bryan largely made a name for himself in Chicago, Illinois. Bryan was involved in many ventures in the city, such as the creation of Graceland Cemetery, and was active in the city's politics, having twice been nominated for mayor. Bryan was a strong unionist during the American Civil War. Bryan was instrumental in Chicago being awarded the World's Columbian Exposition, and was involved in the exposition's organization and operation.

Bryan also played a key role in the development of the Chicago suburb of Elmhurst, Illinois, where he resided much of his life. He is often referred to as "The Father of Elmhurst".

In addition to his involvement in Chicago politics, Bryan spent a brief period as a commissioner of the District of Columbia.

Early life, education, and family

Bryan was born in Alexandria, Virginia, on December 22, 1828.[3][4][5] His father was Daniel Bryan, and his mother was Mary Thomas Barbour Bryan (née Barbour).[4][5][6][7] Bryan's father was a poet and a lawyer, abolitionist, and statesman who served from 1821 to 1853 as Alexandria's postmaster, and who, from 1818 through 1820 served in the Senate of Virginia.[4][6][8]

A member of the esteemed Barbour family through his mother, Bryan's maternal uncles were James Barbour and Philip P. Barbour.[4][5][7] His maternal grandfather was Thomas Barbour.[4][7][9] One of Bryan's nephews would be Bryan Lathrop, with whom he would later form a personal and business relationship.[10] Another nephew was Barbour Lathrop, and a niece was Florence Lathrop Field Page.[7]

Sources disagree as to whether Bryan's paternal great-uncle was Daniel Boone, as it is unclear whether his father was Boone's nephew.[6][11] If he is Boone's great-nephew, his paternal grandfather would have been William Bryan, one of the founders of Bryan Station, and his maternal grandmother had been Mary Boone Bryan.[12][13][11]

Bryan was educated at Virginia's top preparatory schools.[4]

For four years, Bryan held a clerkship with the post office that his father oversaw. The clerkship paid $300 annually, which Bryan saved up before leaving to attend Harvard University.[14]

Bryan graduated from Harvard Law School in 1848.[3][15] While attending Harvard, he lived in nearby Boston at the house of a German woman who taught him the German language. He would, soon after graduating, publish grammar meant to help Germans learn to read, write, and speak the English language. This grammar received praise from German press and from professors.[16]

Adult life and career

After graduating from Harvard Law School, Bryan practiced law in Cincinnati until 1852.[3] At one point in his legal career, he was attorney for the estate of deceased president William Henry Harrison.[5]

Mrs. Thomas B. Bryan, an 1856 George Peter Alexander Healy painting of Bryan's wife Jennie, which is now in the collection of the Smithsonian American Art Museum[17]

In 1850, in a wedding ceremony held in Newport, Kentucky, Bryan married Jennie "Jane" Byrd Page who became Mrs. Jennie Byrd Bryan.[7][18][19] His wife was related, by marriage, to the prominent Page and Lee families of Virginia.[19] She was the daughter of an episcopal clergyman.[15]

In 1852, Bryan and his wife moved to Chicago, where he had acquired broad real estate interests.[20][19][5] Over the next half-century, Bryan would be a booster in the growth of the city.[3]

Bryan's initial residence in Chicago was at 103 Michigan Avenue, near Madison Street.[5] This was, at the time, a fashionable neighborhood.[15] Here, he was neighbors with many prominent Chicagoans, including Matthew Laflin.[5] Shortly after living here, he built a house at the northwest corner of Wabash Avenue and Jackson Street.[15]

Sometime between 1856 and 1859, Bryan settled in Cottage Hill, Illinois (modern-day Elmhurst), building a 1,000-acre estate there named "Byrd's Nest".[7][20][21][22] Bryan would ultimately play an important role in the development of the town, even being credited as the one responsible for renaming the town.[20][21] He is often referred to as "The Father of Elmhurst".[23] Living there, he would commute daily to Chicago on the Chicago and North Western Railway.[21] In the 1860 United States census, Bryan was recorded to be the wealthiest person in DuPage County, with a net worth said to exceed $325,000.[21] In 1864, he would sell 26 acres of his land to his brother-in-law, Jedediah Lathrop, who built his own estate named Huntington on the site.[24]

Bryan with son Charles and daughter Jennie circa 1865

Bryan and his wife Jennie had three children, two of whom (a son and a daughter) would live to adulthood. The son they lost as a child, Daniel Page Bryan, died on April 12, 1855.[25][26] Their adult son was Charles Page Bryan, born in 1855, who would have a career as a lawyer, politician, and diplomat.[5][7][27] Their daughter, born in 1857, was also named Jennie Byrd Bryan. She would become an artist and philanthropist, and would, in 1913, marry John Barton Payne, adopting his surname.[5][7][28]

In 1860, Bryan established Graceland Cemetery in partnership with William Butler Ogden, Sidney Sawyer, Edwin H. Sheldon, and George Peter Alexander Healy.[25][29] He was the inaugural president of the Graceland Cemetery Association.[29] The first burial at the cemetery was Bryan's late son Daniel Page Bryan, with his remains having been disinterred and removed from the city cemetery in Lincoln Park along with approximately 2,000 other individuals.[30][25] That year also saw the opening of Bryan Hall, a music hall which Bryan constructed in Chicago on Clark Street across from the city's courthouse. With a capacity of between 500 and 600 people, it was reported to be the largest hall of its kind in the metropolitan area at the time of its opening.[21][31][32] It would remain the city's primary venue until the opening of Crosby's Opera House.[4]

Bryan established a reputation for himself as a gifted orator.[5][18]

Bryan was, twice, reluctantly a nominee for mayor of Chicago.[4] In 1861, Bryan was the People's Ticket nominee for mayor of Chicago. He lost the election to Republican Julian Sidney Rumsey by a sizable margin.[4][33][34] Bryan had been drafted for mayor by a number of acquaintances to run on what the being dubbed "The People's Ticket".[4] Unaware at the time that he'd be running in opposition to the Republican Party, Bryan reluctantly accepted.[4] He was reported to, ultimately, have seemed somewhat relieved by his ultimate defeat in the polls.[4] He did not desire to be mayor of the city, nor did he want to cause disarray or fractures in the Republican Party at the time that the Civil War was beginning.[4] Bryan was the National Union (Republican) nominee for the office in 1863, losing by an incredibly narrow margin to incumbent mayor Francis Cornwall Sherman.[33][34][35] He originally planned to contest the result over allegations of election fraud by the Democrats, but ultimately did not, not being concerned enough with the results, having been a reluctant candidate to begin with.[4][33]

A strong unionist, during the American Civil War, Bryan funded a company of the 105th Infantry Regiment of Illinois Volunteers in the Civil War, named the "Bryan's Blues".[21] He was a member of the Union Defense Committee.[3][5][15] He was also president of the Northwestern Sanitary Fair, an event held in 1865 along the Chicago lakefront which raised more than $300,000 for Union soldiers.[3][5][15][36][37] Interestingly, his wife had incidentally been in the company of Confederate Army general Robert E. Lee, a relative of hers by marriage, just days before the breakout of the Civil War.[19]

Bryan served in leadership roles for numerous Chicago organizations. From 1865 until 1906, Bryan served as president of the Chicago Soldiers' Home, which he also had helped to found.[25][38] He was president of the Union League Club of Chicago.[3][38]

In 1870, Bryan leased Bryan Hall to Richard M. Hooley for a period of five years, for $21,000 per year. It was renamed the Hooley Opera House.[31]

1871 engraving of Bryan

In 1871, Bryan and his wife Jennie gave 30 acres of land to the German Evangelical Synod of the Northwest for a seminary, which would eventually become Elmhurst University.[39]

In the Great Chicago Fire of 1871, Bryan lost $2 million, with one significant part of this being the loss of his music hall in the fire.[21] After the fire, he provided a number of people displaced with refuge at Byrd's Nest.[21] Bryan was involved in helping revive the city after the fire.[20] Shortly before the fire Bryan had founded the Federal Savings Bank and Safe Depository, also known as the Fidelity Safe Depository.[3][40] Despite the burning of its building, the vaults and safes were intact, and their contents survived the fire.[40] Bryan rebuilt a new structure for the institution quickly after the fire.[41] He purchased the metal from the Chicago Court House Bell which he used to fashion an alarm for his company, selling the rest to H.S. Everhart & Company which commissioned the U.S. Mint to strike commemorative medals from the metal.[42]

From December 3, 1877, through July 1, 1878, Bryan served as Commissioner of the District of Columbia.[1][21][2] During this brief period, he and his wife briefly lived in Washington, D.C.[19]

In 1878, Bryan stepped-down as president of Graceland Cemetery, turning over the presidency to his nephew Bryan Lathrop.[25]

For a period of time, he and his wife moved to Colorado.[19] At the time of the 1880 United States census, he was recorded as residing in Clear Creek County, Colorado.[43]

Bryan around the time of the World's Columbian Exposition

Bryan fell victim to what ultimately turned out to be a scam run by H. H. Holmes, a man who was later discovered to be a serial killer. He lost more than $9,000 after becoming involved in Holmes's scam "A.B.C. Copier Company" at the advice of Bryan's associate Fred Nind.[29] Holmes would fraudulently use Bryan's name on the papers of this and a number of other scam companies.[29][44]

Bryan was a leading figure in the effort to bring the World's Columbian Exposition to Chicago.[15][20][45] Bryan convinced the Chicago City Council to pass legislation that would help the city in its efforts secure the world's fair.[20] In 1890, he, alongside Chicago mayor DeWitt Clinton Cregier and former Illinois Central Railroad president Edward Turner Jeffery, gave the presentation for Chicago's bid to the fifteen member United States Senate committee that decided what location would be awarded the fair.[20][45][46] Bryan's remarks were perhaps the most persuasive of the three speaking on behalf of the city. In his remarks Bryan, in part, retorted the hyperbolic and critical remarks about Chicago that had been issued by Chauncey Depew (who was representing New York City's interest in receiving the fair).[15][45]

Bryan hosting the World's Columbian Exposition commissioners at his Byrd's Nest estate in 1893

After Chicago landed the fair, Bryan was appointed a commissioner-at-large of the World's Columbian Exposition Board created by federal legislation.[5][21][45] He was ultimately the vice president of the World's Columbian Exposition, vice president of the World's Congress Auxiliary, Commissioner General of the Exposition and the Chairman of the Congresses Committee of Organization, and President of the World's Congress.[21][44][47] Bryan worked successfully to convince the Chicago City Council, Illinois General Assembly and United States legislature to pass legislation providing assistance to the fair's organizers.[45] In his travels through Europe promoting the exposition, he met with many ruling monarchs and Pope Leo XIII.[5][25] During the exposition, he personally hosted many of the dignitaries and royals that attended the fair at his Byrd's Nest estate.[5]

Later years and death

Bryan circa 1900

Bryan was widowed on March 5, 1898, when his wife of 48 years, Jennie, died at the age of 68 at their Byrd's Nest estate of paralysis that had impacted her brain and vocal organs, before reaching her heart. She had only developed the paralysis days earlier on March 3.[19]

Bryan spent his last decade splitting time between Byrd's Nest and living out east, in Virginia and Washington, D.C.[15][18][48] Bryan died January 26, 1906, in Washington, D.C.[49][50]

Bryan is buried at Oak Hill Cemetery in Washington, D.C., where the Bryan family had a burying ground.[19][48] His wife Jennie had been buried at Oak Hill Cemetery after her 1898 death.[19] His son Charles would be buried in the cemetery after his death in 1918,[51] as would his daughter Jennie after her death in 1919[52] and his son-in-law John Barton Payne after his death in 1935.[53]

Art collection and patronage of George Peter Alexander Healy

Bryan commissioned many works by George Peter Alexander Healy.[54][55] Healy was acquainted with Bryan. In 1857, Healy purchased a cottage in Cottage Hill (Elmhurst) from Bryan, where Healy lived for next six years, making him neighbors with Bryan during this period.[55][56] Healy also partnered with Bryan in the founding of Graceland Cemetery[25] In addition, Bryan's daughter Jennie would become a student of Healy's.[57] One day in 1860, Bryan purchased all the paintings Healy's entire painting gallery to display in a hall he owned on Dearborn Street.[33]

In his art collection were portraits which Henry Clay, Edward Everett, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Daniel Webster had posed for.[5]

Bryan owned a collection of paintings of all presidents of the United States.[5] Many of these were painted by Healy.[5] Bryan gave this collection to the Corcoran Gallery of Art.[5]

After Bryan's death, many of the paintings of Healy's he still owned were passed on to his daughter Jennie.[58] After her death in 1919,[28] in 1920, Jennie Byrd's Payne's widowed husband, John Barton Payne, gave a collection of forty masterpieces to the State of Virginia, a gift valued at time at over $1 million.[58] In this gift were several paintings Bryan commissioned from Healy.[58] This gift, which was given by Payne alongside a financial gift of $100,000 for a museum to house the art, came with a stipulation that the state must match his gift. This was eventually done in 1932, and construction began on the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts.[59]

Collector of historic memorabilia

In his life, Bryan acquired several noteworthy pieces of historic memorabilia.

After the Great Chicago Fire, Bryan purchased the broken remains of the bell from the city's lost courthouse at an auction. He kept parts of the bell, but sold most of the bell's remains to H.S. Everhart & Company, who made one-inch tall miniature bells as souvenirs.[62] The courthouse bell was notable in relation to the fire, as it had been one of the bells in the city that was rung to warn citizens of the fire.[63]

After notable people had been invited to send items to the Northwestern Sanitary Fair to auction, Abraham Lincoln sent the original draft of the Emancipation Proclamation.[64] Bryan was successful in bidding for it, paying $3,000 for it, the item being the highest bid item on auction.[64][65] Bryan had lithographic copies made and sold for the benefit of the Sanitary Commission.[64] Bryan gifted the document to the Chicago Soldier's Home, who in turn entrusted it to the Chicago Historical Society for safekeeping. However, this original document was lost in the Great Chicago Fire.[65]

Electoral history

1861 Chicago mayoral election[34]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Julian Sidney Rumsey 8,274 55.62
People's Thomas Barbour Bryan 6,601 44.38
Total votes 14,875 100
1863 Chicago mayoral election[33][35]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Francis Cornwall Sherman 10,252 50.39
National Union Thomas Barbour Bryan 10,095 49.62
Total votes 20,347 100

References

  1. 1 2 3 Tindall, William (1903). Origin and Government of the District of Columbia. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 210. Archived from the original on May 28, 2021. Retrieved January 1, 2021.
  2. 1 2 3 Larner, John B. (1920). "List of Principal Municipal Authorities of the Cities of Washington, Georgetown and the District of Columbia" (PDF). Records of the Columbia Historical Society, Washington, D.C. Historical Society of Washington, D.C. 23: 184. JSTOR 40067144. Retrieved December 31, 2020.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Thayer, William Roscoe; Castle, William Richards; Howe, Mark Antony De Wolfe; Pier, Arthur Stanwood; Voto, Bernard Augustine De; Morrison, Theodore (1906). "The Harvard Graduates' Magazine, Volume 14". Harvard Graduates' Magazine Association. p. 543. Archived from the original on May 28, 2021. Retrieved May 9, 2020.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Biographical Sketches Of The Leading Men Of Chicago, written by the Best Talent of the Northwest. Chicago: Wilson & St. Clair, Publishers. 1868.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 "Gallery of Local Celebrities No. XVI – Thomas B. Bryan". Newspapers.com. Chicago Tribune. May 13, 1900. Archived from the original on May 28, 2021. Retrieved May 28, 2021.
  6. 1 2 3 "Edgar Allan Poe Society of Baltimore – People – Daniel Bryan". www.eapoe.org. Edgar Allan Poe Society of Baltimore. Archived from the original on July 27, 2020. Retrieved May 9, 2020.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Bryan001". www.elmhursthistory.org. Elmhurst Historical Society. Archived from the original on May 28, 2021. Retrieved January 1, 2021.
  8. ↑ "Bryan, Daniel (ca. 1789–1866)". www.encyclopediavirginia.org. Archived from the original on July 27, 2020. Retrieved May 6, 2020.
  9. ↑ "The Political Graveyard: Barbour family of Virginia". politicalgraveyard.com. Archived from the original on September 28, 2019. Retrieved January 2, 2021.
  10. ↑ "Remembering Bryan Lathrop". Glessner House. May 28, 2016. Archived from the original on May 6, 2021. Retrieved May 9, 2020.
  11. 1 2 "Daniel Boone: His Valley Connections". Massanutten Regional Library. July 6, 2012. Archived from the original on May 28, 2021. Retrieved January 2, 2021.
  12. ↑ "Daniel Bryan (1795–1866)". spenserians.cath.vt.edu. Retrieved May 10, 2020.
  13. ↑ "Mary Boone Bryan". www.usgenwebsites.org. Archived from the original on January 30, 2020. Retrieved May 10, 2020.
  14. ↑ Hentz, Charles Arnould (2000). A Southern Practice: The Diary and Autobiography of Charles A. Hentz, M.D. University of Virginia Press. p. 510. ISBN 978-0-8139-1881-5. Archived from the original on May 28, 2021. Retrieved May 10, 2020.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Thomas B. Bryan Is Dead". Newspapers.com. Chicago Tribune. January 26, 1906. Archived from the original on May 28, 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
  16. ↑ "To the German Voters and Citizens of Chicago". Newspapers.com. Chicago Tribune. April 20, 1863. Archived from the original on May 28, 2021. Retrieved January 5, 2021.
  17. ↑ "Mrs. Thomas B. Bryan | Smithsonian American Art Museum". americanart.si.edu. Smithsonian American Art Museum. Archived from the original on December 4, 2020. Retrieved January 3, 2021.
  18. 1 2 3 "History Highlight: Thomas Barbour Bryan and Elmhurst | Facebook". www.facebook.com. Elmhurst History Museum. November 2, 2018. Archived from the original on May 28, 2021. Retrieved May 10, 2020.
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Woman of Many Friends". www.newspapers.com. The Inter Ocean. March 28, 1898. p. 8. Archived from the original on May 28, 2021. Retrieved December 31, 2020.
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Wilson, Nancy (2013). "EHM HISTORICAL HIGHLIGHTS Thomas Barbour Bryan (1828–1906)". emhurst.org. Elmhurst History Museum. Archived from the original on June 10, 2020. Retrieved May 8, 2020.
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Breslin, Mary (March 9, 1997). "BYRD'S NEST DRAWS SETTLERS AFTER CHICAGO FIRE". chicagotribune.com. Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on May 28, 2021. Retrieved May 6, 2020.
  22. ↑ "Elmhurst, IL". www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org. Archived from the original on February 5, 2020. Retrieved May 9, 2020.
  23. ↑ "Pick of the Week". Newspapers.com. Chicago Tribune. November 8, 2012. Archived from the original on May 28, 2021. Retrieved January 5, 2021.
  24. ↑ "ARCHITECTURAL RESOURCES in the YORK-COTTAGE HILL SURVEY AREA ELMHURST, ILLINOIS Summary and Inventory". Prepared for the City of Elmhurst by: Ramsey Historic Consultants. 2016. Archived from the original on May 28, 2021. Retrieved May 10, 2020.
  25. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Funigiello, Philip J. (1994). Florence Lathrop Page: A Biography. University of Virginia Press. pp. 17–18. ISBN 978-0-8139-1489-3. Archived from the original on May 28, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
  26. ↑ "Hidden Truths: Contributing Factors". hiddentruths.northwestern.edu. Northwestern University. Archived from the original on September 30, 2020. Retrieved January 2, 2021.
  27. ↑ "The Political Graveyard: Society of the Cincinnati, politicians, District of Columbia". politicalgraveyard.com. Political Graveyard. Archived from the original on March 30, 2018. Retrieved May 7, 2020.
  28. 1 2 Kohler, Sue A.; Carson, Jeffrey R.; Arts, United States Commission of Fine (1978). "Sixteenth Street Architecture". Commission of Fine Arts. p. 104. Archived from the original on May 6, 2021. Retrieved May 9, 2020.
  29. 1 2 3 4 Johnson, Ray (May 7, 2014). "All Chicago Library Branches closed May 7th for H.H. Holmes Execution Day!". Chicago Now. Archived from the original on October 12, 2018. Retrieved May 7, 2020.
  30. ↑ Simon, Andreas (1894). Chicago: The Garden City ... Archived from the original on May 28, 2021. Retrieved January 1, 2021.
  31. 1 2 "Bryan Hall". chicagology.com. Chicagology. Archived from the original on October 27, 2020. Retrieved May 7, 2020.
  32. ↑ "Image 1 of Bryan Hall, Clark Street, opposite the Court House. Chicago, Illinois. [Chicago, 186-]". Library of Congress. Archived from the original on May 28, 2021. Retrieved May 7, 2020.
  33. 1 2 3 4 5 Goodspeed, Weston A. (1909). The History of Cook County, Illinois. Goodspeed Historical Association. pp. 390, 393, 398 588. ISBN 9780608368931. Retrieved December 31, 2020.
  34. 1 2 3 "Chicago Mayors, 1837–2007". www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org. Encyclopedia of Chicago. Archived from the original on August 20, 2020. Retrieved January 1, 2021.
  35. 1 2 Rogues, Rebels, And Rubber Stamps: The Politics Of The Chicago City Council, 1863 To The Present Portada; Dick Simpson Routledge, Mar 8, 2018
  36. ↑ "The Northwestern Sanitary Fair". The New York Times. March 9, 1865. Retrieved May 9, 2020.
  37. ↑ "The Great North-Western Sanitary Fair opens in Chicago, Illinois | House Divided". hd.housedivided.dickinson.edu. Dickinson College. Archived from the original on August 9, 2020. Retrieved May 9, 2020.
  38. 1 2 Herringshaw, Thomas William (1909). "Herringshaw's National Library of American Biography: Contains Thirty-five Thousand Biographies of the Acknowledged Leaders of Life and Thought of the United States; Illustrated with Three Thousand Vignette Portraits ..." American Publishers' Association. p. 472. Archived from the original on January 9, 2020. Retrieved May 10, 2020.
  39. ↑ "A Spartan Beginning At Elmhurst College". Archived from the original on November 25, 2015. Retrieved August 8, 2015.
  40. 1 2 "Fidelity Safe Deposit Building I". chicagology.com. Chicagology. Archived from the original on October 29, 2020. Retrieved May 9, 2020.
  41. ↑ "Federal Savings Bank and Safe Depository II". chicagology.com. Chicagology. Archived from the original on September 30, 2020. Retrieved May 28, 2021.
  42. ↑ "A 19th century Chicago alderman's scrapbook discovered under the floorboards of a house slated for demolition". urbanremainschicago.com. Urban Remains. June 9, 2016. Archived from the original on July 1, 2020. Retrieved June 30, 2020.
  43. ↑ "Fifth Generation". jerrybryan.com. Archived from the original on May 26, 2020. Retrieved December 31, 2020.
  44. 1 2 "The Art Institute of Chicago". www.vamonde.com. Vamonde. Archived from the original on May 28, 2021. Retrieved May 7, 2020.
  45. 1 2 3 4 5 "History of the World's Columbian Exposition". Newspapers.com. The Inter Ocean. November 1, 1893. Archived from the original on January 9, 2021. Retrieved January 5, 2021.
  46. ↑ Lederer, F. (1972). "Competition for the World's Columbian Exposition: The Chicago Campaign". Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society. 65 (4): 382–394.
  47. ↑ "The Rookery Building". www.vamonde.com. Vamonde. Archived from the original on May 28, 2021. Retrieved May 7, 2020.
  48. 1 2 "29 Jan 1906, Page 3 - The Washington Post at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. The Washington Post. January 29, 1906. Archived from the original on May 6, 2021. Retrieved January 2, 2021.
  49. ↑ Illinois, Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States Commandery of the State of (1912). Memorials of deceased companions of the Commandery of the State of Illinois, Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States. pp. 322–328. Archived from the original on May 28, 2021. Retrieved May 10, 2020.
  50. ↑ "29 Jan 1906, Page 3 - The Washington Post at Newspapers.com". Newspapers.com. The Washington Post. January 29, 1906. Archived from the original on May 28, 2021. Retrieved May 9, 2020.
  51. ↑ "1918 Many Diplomats at Col Charles Page Bryan funeral, St John's Episcopal Church". newspapers.com. The Washington Herald. March 17, 1918. Archived from the original on May 6, 2021. Retrieved May 6, 2021.
  52. ↑ "Mrs. Jennie B. Payne". Newspapers.com. The Washington Times. August 2, 1919. Archived from the original on May 28, 2021. Retrieved May 6, 2021.
  53. ↑ "John Barton Payne Personal Papers (SC-31)". Virginia Museum of Fine Arts |. Archived from the original on May 6, 2021. Retrieved May 6, 2021.
  54. ↑ "Look-alike". www.longcamp.com. Archived from the original on February 25, 2020. Retrieved May 10, 2020.
  55. 1 2 "George Peter Alexander Healy (1813–1894)". Illinois Historical Art Project. Archived from the original on June 28, 2020. Retrieved May 10, 2020.
  56. ↑ "Elmhurst". DuPage County Historical Society. September 23, 2019. Archived from the original on August 14, 2020. Retrieved May 10, 2020.
  57. ↑ "Jennie Byrd Bryan (Primary Title) – (19.1.25)". Virginia Museum of Fine Arts |. Archived from the original on May 6, 2021. Retrieved December 31, 2020.
  58. 1 2 3 "The Spokesman and Harness World, Volume 36". Spokesman Publishing Company. 1920. Archived from the original on May 7, 2021. Retrieved May 10, 2020.
  59. ↑ Slipek Jr., Edwin (March 30, 2010). "Open Indulgence". Style Weekly. Archived from the original on May 28, 2021. Retrieved February 27, 2011.
  60. ↑ "Thomas Barbour Bryan and Family". npg.si.edu. Smithsonian American Art Museum. Archived from the original on May 28, 2021. Retrieved January 3, 2021.
  61. ↑ "Jennie Byrd Bryan – George P.A. Healy". Google Arts & Culture. Archived from the original on September 21, 2020. Retrieved January 3, 2021.
  62. ↑ Bales, Richard F. (April 18, 2005). The Great Chicago Fire and the Myth of Mrs. O'Leary's Cow. McFarland. p. 26. ISBN 9780786423583. Archived from the original on May 28, 2021. Retrieved May 9, 2020.
  63. ↑ Billock, Jennifer (January 24, 2018). "Five Places Where You Can Still See Remnants of the Great Chicago Fire". Smithsonian Magazine. Archived from the original on October 23, 2020. Retrieved May 9, 2020.
  64. 1 2 3 Schroeder-Lein, Glenna R. (October 18, 2012). Lincoln and Medicine. SIU Press. p. 68. ISBN 9780809331956. Archived from the original on May 28, 2021. Retrieved May 10, 2020.
  65. 1 2 "DHHS Publication No. (NIH)". Department of Health and Human Services. p. 103. Archived from the original on May 28, 2021. Retrieved May 10, 2020.
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