Ogaden
Ogaadeen
ውጋዴ/ውጋዴን
Map of the Ogaden region with Somali-inhabited land shaded in red
Map of the Ogaden region with Somali-inhabited land shaded in red
Region (non-administrative)Ogaden
Area
 • Total327,068 km2 (126,282 sq mi)
ISO 3166 codeET-SO

Ogaden (pronounced and often spelled Ogadēn; Somali: Ogaadeen, Amharic: ውጋዴ/ውጋዴን) is one of the historical names used for the modern Somali Region which forms the eastern portion of Ethiopia and which borders Somalia. Before 1995 most of Ogaden was part of Ethopia's Hararghe province. The other names sometimes used for this area are Haud or Hawd.[1]

The region is an arid area, and encompasses the desolate plain between the border of Somalia and Ethiopia, extending towards the eastern Ethiopian Highlands where larger cities like Harar and Dire Dawa are located. The primary river in the region is the Shebelle, which is fed by temporary seasonal streams. Towards the southwestern edge of the Ogaden is the source of the Ganale Doria river which joins Dawa river to become the major Jubba) river on the Somali border.

The region has a low population density and is predominantly inhabited by Somali language-speaking nomadic herders. The Ogaden is known for its oil and gas reserves, although development efforts have been hindered by the instability prevailing in the area.

Etymology

The origin of the term Ogaden is unknown, however it is usually attributed to the Somali clan of the same name, originally referring only to their land, and eventually expanding to encompass most parts of the modern Somali Region of eastern Ethiopia.[2][3]

During the new region's founding conference, which was held in Dire Dawa in 1992, the naming of the region became a divisive issue, because almost 30 different ethnic Somali clans live in the region. The ONLF sought to name the region ‘Ogadenia’, whilst the non-Ogadeni Somali clans who live in the same region opposed this move. As noted by Abdul Majid Hussein, the naming of the region where there are several Somali clans as ‘Ogadenia’ following the name of a single clan would have been divisive. Finally, the region was named the Somali region.[4][5]

An alternative (possibly folk) etymology analyses the name as a combination of the Harari word ūga ("road")[6] and Aden, a city in Yemen, supposedly deriving from an ancient caravan route through the region connecting Harar to the Arabian Peninsula.[7]

People

The inhabitants are predominantly ethnic Somalis, of almost 30 clans. The Ogaden (clan) of the Darod constitute one of the majority in the region,[8][9] and were enlisted in the Ogaden National Liberation Movement, That is why the region is associated with the Ogaden Clan. However, this is disputed.[10] Other Somali clans in the region are Sheekhaal,Marehan, Isaaq, Geri Koombe Gadabuursi, Issa, Massare, Gabooye, Degodia and Jidle and Karanle clans of the Hawiye.[11]

Somali-inhabited region within Ethiopia shown as part of Greater Somali territory

History

There are few historical texts written about the people who lived in what is known today as the Somali Region, sometimes referred to as The 'Ogaden' region of Ethiopia. In its early history, The 'Ogaden' was inhabited by Harla, a now extinct people.[12][13] Harla are linked to the Harari and Somali Ogaden clan.[14] In the ninth century Ogaden served as capital of the Makhzumi Dynasty.[15] Ogaden was part of the Ifat Sultanate in the 13th and beginning of the 14th centuries AD. The borders of the sultanate extended to the Shewa–Addis Ababa area of Ethiopia. The Ifat Sultanate was succeeded by the Adal Sultanate. There was an ongoing conflict between the Adal Sultanate and the Christian Kingdom of Abyssinia throughout this time. During the first half of the 16th century, most of Abyssinian territory was conquered and came under the rule of Adal, when Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi, the leader of Adal, took control.[16]

1800s

In the seventeenth century it became a tributary state of the Emirate of Harar.[17] It has been noted that Sir Richard Francis Burton's 1856 account First Footsteps in East Africa, extensively detailing his travels into what is now Ogaden makes no mention of an Ethiopian presence in the region. Geographers mapping out regions of Africa for the British government in the mid to late 1800s would make no reference to an Ethiopian presence in the Ogaden, and maps created before 1884 would note the Ethiopian Empires extent as bounded by the River Awash.[18] During the last quarter of the 19th century, the region was conquered by Menelik II of Ethiopia, who solidified their claim by treaties in 1897.[19] I.M. Lewis argues a subtly different interpretation of this treaty, emphasising that "the lost lands in the Haud which were excised from the Protectorate [i.e. British Somaliland] were not, however ceded to Ethiopia".[20] Independent historical accounts are unanimous that previous to the penetration into the region during the late 1880s, Somali clans were free of Ethiopian and Shewan control.[21]

1900s

Warriors from the Ogaden region, 1911

In 1914, Lij Iyasu of Ethiopia appointed Abdullahi Sadiq, governor of Ogaden.[22] Attempts at taxation in the region would be called off following the massacre of 150 Ethiopian troops in January 1915. Due to native hostility the region was barely occupied by Ethiopian authorities until the Anglo-Ethiopian boundary commission in 1934 and the Wal Wal incident in 1935.[23] Ethiopia exerted little presence east of Jijiga until 1934 when an Anglo-Ethiopian boundary commission attempted to demarcate the treaty boundary. This boundary is still disputed.[24]

After the Italian conquest of Ethiopia in 1936, Ogaden was attached to Italian Somaliland, becoming the Somalia Governorate within the new colony of Italian East Africa. Following the British conquest of this colony, the Anglo-Ethiopian Agreement placed Ogaden under temporary British control. The British sought to unite Ogaden with British Somaliland and the former Italian Somaliland to realize Greater Somalia which was supported by many Somalis.[25] Ethiopia unsuccessfully pleaded before the London Conference of the Allied Powers to gain the Ogaden and Eritrea in 1945, but their persistent negotiations[26][27] and pressure from the United States eventually persuaded the British to cede Ogaden to Ethiopia in 1948. The last remaining British controlled parts of Haud were returned to Ethiopia in 1955.

Post-Somali Independence

During the 1963 Ogaden Revolt the first major armed resistance by Somalis to Ethiopian rule began in the region after imperial authorities had attempted to tax the population. The revolt and brutal counterinsurgency campaign that followed would result in the deterioration of Ethio–Somali relations and lead to the first war between the two nations during 1964.

Western Somali Liberation Front (WSLF) fighters in the Ogaden

In the late 1970s, internal unrest in the 'Ogaden' resumed. The Western Somali Liberation Front used guerilla tactics to resist Ethiopian rule. Ethiopia and Somalia fought the Ogaden War over control of this region and its peoples.

1980s to 1990s

During the new region's founding conference, which was held in Dire Dawa in 1992, the naming of the region became a divisive issue, because almost 30 Somali clans live in the Somali Region of Ethiopia. The ONLF sought to name the region ‘Ogadenia’, whilst the non-Ogadeni Somali clans who live in the same region opposed this move. As noted by Abdul Majid Hussein, the naming of the region where there are several Somali clans as ‘Ogadenia’ following the name of a single clan would have been divisive. Finally, the region was named the Somali region.[28][29]

2000s

Street scene in Jijiga, Somali Region of Ethiopia

In 2007, the Ethiopian Army launched a military crackdown in Ogaden after Ogaden rebels killed dozens of civilian staff workers and guards at an Ethiopian oil field.[30] The main rebel group is the Ogaden National Liberation Front under its Chairman Mohamed O. Osman, which is fighting against the Ethiopian government. Some Somalis who inhabit in the 'Ogaden' claimed that Ethiopian military kill civilians, destroy the livelihood of many of the ethnic Somalis and commit crimes against the nomads in the region.[31] However, testimony before the United States House of Representatives Committee on Foreign Affairs revealed massive brutality and killings by the ONLF rebels, which the Ethiopian government labels "terrorists."[32] The extent of this war can't be established due to a media blockade in the 'Ogaden' region. Some international rights organizations have accused the Ethiopian government of committing abuses and crimes that "violate laws of war,"[33] as a recent report by the Human Rights Watch indicates. Other reports have claimed that Ethiopia has bombed, killed, and raped many Somalis in the Ogaden region, while the United States continues to arm Ethiopia in the United States' ongoing War on Terror in the Horn of Africa.[34][35] [36]

Geography

The region, which is around 200,000 square kilometres, borders Djibouti, Kenya, Somalia, and Somaliland.[37] Important towns include Jijiga, Degahbur, Gode, Kebri Dahar, Fiq, Shilabo, Kelafo, Werder and Danan.

Ecology

The Ogaden is part of the Somali Acacia–Commiphora bushlands and thickets ecoregion. It has been a historic habitat for the endangered African wild dog, Lycaon pictus;[38] However, this canid is thought by some to have been extirpated from Ogaden.

The Ogaden is a plateau, with an elevation above sea level that ranges from 1,500 metres in the northwest, falling to about 300 metres along the southern limits and the Wabi Shebelle valley. The areas with altitudes between 1,400 and 1,600 metres are characterised as semi-arid; receiving as much as 500–600 mm of rainfall annually. More typical of the Ogaden is an average annual rainfall of 350 mm and less. The landscape consists of dense shrubland, bush grassland and bare hills.[39] In more recent years, the Ogaden has suffered from increasingly erratic rainfall patterns, which has led to an increasing frequency of major droughts: in 1984–85; 1994; and most recently in 1999–2000, during which pastoralists claim to have lost 70–90 percent of their cattle.[40]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ "Hawd Plateau | plateau, East Africa". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-10-10.
  2. ↑ Gérard Prunier; Éloi Ficquet (2015). Understanding Contemporary Ethiopia. Oxford University Press. p. 36. ISBN 978-1-84904-261-1.
  3. ↑ Paolo Billi (2015). Landscapes and Landforms of Ethiopia. Springer. p. 324. ISBN 978-94-017-8026-1.
  4. ↑ Adegehe, Asnake Kefale (2009). Federalism and ethnic conflict in Ethiopia : a comparative study of the Somali and Benishangul-Gumuz regions (PDF) (Thesis). Leiden University. p. 135.
  5. ↑ Billi, Paolo (2015). Landscapes and Landforms of Ethiopia. Springer. ISBN 9789401780261.
  6. ↑ Leslau, Wolf (1959). "An Analysis of the Harari Vocabulary". Annales d'Éthiopie. 3: 292. doi:10.3406/ethio.1959.1310. Retrieved 20 March 2019.
  7. ↑ Eshete, Tibebe (1994). "Towards a History of the Incorporation of the Ogaden: 1887–1935". Journal of Ethiopian Studies. 27 (2): 69–70. JSTOR 41966038.
  8. ↑ Carment, David (2006). Who Intervenes?: Ethnic Conflict and Interstate Crisis. Ohio State University Press. pp. 75–76. ISBN 9780814210130.
  9. ↑ Abramowitz, Sharon; Panter-Brick, Catherine (2015-09-17). Medical Humanitarianism: Ethnographies of Practice. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 9780812247329.
  10. ↑ Markakis, John (2011). Ethiopia: The Last Two Frontiers. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. ISBN 9781847010339.
  11. ↑ Marcus, Harold Golden; Hudson, Grover (1994). New Trends in Ethiopian Studies: Social Sciences. Red Sea Press. ISBN 9781569020159.
  12. ↑ Chekroun, Amelie. The Harla: archeology and memory of the giants of Ethiopia. French Center for Ethiopian Studies.
  13. ↑ Wildings, Richard (1987). The shorefolk: aspects of the early development of Swahili communities. p. 33. ISBN 9789966833129.
  14. ↑ B, Ulrich (2002). Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia: Collected Essays. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 18. ISBN 9783825856717.
  15. ↑ Østebø, Terje (2011). Localising Salafism: Religious Change Among Oromo Muslims in Bale, Ethiopia. Brill. p. 56. ISBN 978-9004184787.
  16. ↑ A History of the Ogaden (Western Somali) Struggle for Self-Determination, first edition (London: Mohamed Abdi, 2007), pp. 4–12.
  17. ↑ Ethiopia: land of slavery & brutality (PDF). League of Nations. 1935. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-10-06. Retrieved 2019-03-06.
  18. ↑ FitzGibbon 1985, p. 26-27.
  19. ↑ Bahru Zewde, A History of Modern Ethiopia (London: James Currey, 1991), p. 113.
  20. ↑ I.M. Lewis, A Modern History of the Somali, fourth edition (Oxford: James Currey, 2002), p. 59
  21. ↑ FitzGibbon 1985, p. 29.
  22. ↑ Keller, Tait (2018). Environmental Histories of the First World War. Cambridge University Press. p. 226. ISBN 9781108429160.
  23. ↑ Drysdale 1964, p. 56.
  24. ↑ Lewis, Modern History, p. 61
  25. ↑ Bahru Zewde, History p. 180.
  26. ↑ "Ethiopia offers Britain land in exchange for Zeila port of Somaliland – 1946 • Ethiopian Review". Ethiopianreview.com. 2012-02-10. Retrieved 2012-09-10.
  27. ↑ Louis, William Roger (1984). The British Empire in the Middle East, 1945–1951: Arab Nationalism, the ... Clarendon Press. ISBN 9780198229605. Retrieved 2012-09-10 – via Google Books.
  28. ↑ Adegehe, Asnake Kefale (2009). Federalism and ethnic conflict in Ethiopia : a comparative study of the Somali and Benishangul-Gumuz regions (PDF) (Thesis). Leiden University. p. 135.
  29. ↑ Billi, Paolo (2015). Landscapes and Landforms of Ethiopia. Springer. ISBN 9789401780261.
  30. ↑ Ethiopian Rebels Kill 70 at Chinese-Run Oil Field
  31. ↑ Ogaden Human Rights Committee (2006-02-20). "Mass Killings in the Ogaden: Daily Atrocities Against Civilians by the Ethiopian Armed Forces" (PDF). Retrieved 2012-09-27.
  32. ↑ "US Committee on Foreign Affairs on Ethiopia". Foreignaffairs.house.gov. 2007-10-02. Archived from the original on 2012-11-27. Retrieved 2012-09-10.
  33. ↑ Peter Takirambudde (2007-07-04). "Ethiopia: Crackdown in East Punishes Civilians (Human Rights Watch, 4-7-2007)". Hrw.org. Retrieved 2012-09-10.
  34. ↑ "Ethiopia Ogaden rebels blast report on killing civilians". Sudantribune.com. Archived from the original on 2015-09-09. Retrieved 2012-09-10.
  35. ↑ ONLF rebels accused of killing civilians in southern Ethiopia Archived 2010-08-11 at the Wayback Machine
  36. ↑ Connors, Will (2007-09-05). "Why We Don't Hear About the Conflict in the Ogaden: When an American reporter started digging, he was forced out of Ethiopia". Slate.
  37. ↑ Gebru Tareke, "The Ethiopia-Somalia War of 1977 Revisited," in Board of Trustees, Boston University, The International Journal of African Historical Studies. Boston University African Studies Center, 2000, p. 636.
  38. ↑ C. Michael Hogan. 2009. Painted Hunting Dog: Lycaon pictus, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. N. Stromberg Archived December 9, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
  39. ↑ Ayele Gebre-Mariam, The Critical Issue of Land Ownership, Working Paper No. 2 (Bern: NCCR North-South, 2005), p. 12 (accessed 19 January 2009)
  40. ↑ CHF International, Grassroots Conflict Assessment in the Somali Region Archived July 26, 2011, at the Wayback Machine (Aug. 2006), p. 12 (accessed 12 December 2008)

Bibliography

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