The Goldberg Variations
ChoreographerJerome Robbins
MusicJohann Sebastian Bach
PremiereMay 27, 1971 (1971-05-27)
New York State Theater
Original ballet companyNew York City Ballet
DesignJoe Eula
Thomas Skelton
GenreNeoclassical ballet

The Goldberg Variations is a ballet choreographed by Jerome Robbins to Bach's Goldberg Variations. A plotless ballet, it starts with two performers dancing to the Theme, followed by the variations divided into two parts, with variations repeated as Bach had intended in the score. Robbins made the ballet for the New York City Ballet, and premiered on May 27, 1971, at the New York State Theater.

Choreography

The ballet starts with the Theme, with two dancers in Baroque costumes.[1]: 400–401  It is followed by the variations that are divided in two parts, with two sets of dancers. The variations consist of solos, duets, trios, quartets, quintets, sextets and group numbers.[2][3] Author Deborah Jowitt wrote this part is "more playful and experimental"[2] It features dancers in jewel tone practice clothes.[2] Jowitt described Part II as "more formal, classical and mature."[2] In Part II, the dancers add bits to their costumes, at first shirts for men, and breeches and short skirts for women, and later tutus and jackets.[2][4] In the final variation, when dancers in both parts of the ballet appear in full period costumes.[3][4] At the end of the ballet, the couple who danced the Theme reappears in leotards and repeat the Theme.[2]

Robbins attempted to avoid all narrative implications outside of the designs.[3] However, Jowitt noted that he nevertheless incorporates qualities he found in the score, such as "pensive", "playful", "tentative" and "intimate".[2] As intended in the score, Robbins included every repeat of the variations, even the ones that concert pianists sometimes skip. As a result, the ballet is about 1.5 hours long.[4]

Production

Robbins said that after working Dances at a Gathering, to music by Frédéric Chopin, he wanted to work on something less romantic, "I wanted to see what would happen if I got hold of something that didn't give me any easy finger ledge to climb."[3] He decided to choreograph to Bach's Goldberg Variations, which he viewed as "very big and architectural".[2]

Robbins began working on the ballet in early spring 1970.[4] He struggled with choreographing the ballet.[2] He said, 'It was like approaching a beautiful marble wall, I could get no toehold, no leverage to get inside that building. The first weeks of rehearsal were as if I were hitting it and falling down, and having no start over.[4] Robbins said that the large number of dancers is not the biggest challenge.[3]: 275 [4] Instead, he said, "The challenge of Goldberg is that it's thirty variations all in the same key and formally all alike." However, this also provide "endlessly rich" number of interpretations.[3]: 275  On the second day of rehearsal, Robbins snapped his Achilles tendon when he was demonstrating a step to the dancers.[4] As a result, he choreographed part of the ballet on a wheelchair.[2]

Though the ballet was set to premiere at the New York City Ballet's annual appearance at Saratoga Springs, New York, in summer 1970, the ballet was not complete.[1]: 394  Instead, on July 4, an open rehearsal was held for The Goldberg Variations.[1]: 393  The dancers were in practice clothes, while Robbins explained the ballet to the audience at the side of the stage.[1]: 394  The company then went on summer hiatus.[4] Later that year, Robbins was hospitalised due to hepatitis. He would later blame it for parts of the ballet he disliked.[2] It ultimately took Robbins a year to complete the ballet.[3] Allegra Kent was set to appear in an all-female quartet before it was cut.[2] Violette Verdy had also worked on the ballet but never performed it.[3]

Robbins was undecided on whether to use a piano or harpsichord until very late in the process. Though a harpsichord was used in Saratoga Springs, he ultimately went for the piano as he found harpsichord not loud enough in a theater.[1]: 393  The costume was designed by Joe Eula, and the lighting was by Thomas Skelton.[3] Charles Rosen contributed on the program note.[5]

Original cast

Movements Dancers[3][5]
Theme Renee Estópinal, Michael Steele
Part I Variations Gelsey Kirkland, Sara Leland, John Clifford, Robert Weiss, Robert Maiorano, Bruce Wells
Bryan Pitts, David Richardson, Suzanne Erlon, Delia Peters, Christine Redpath, Bettijane Sills, Gloriann Hicks, Virginia Stuart, Stephen Caras, Hermes Condé, Richard Dryden, Francis Dackett
Part II Variations Karin von Aroldingen, Susan Hendl, Patricia McBride, Peter Martins, Anthony Blum, Helgi Tómasson
Merrill Ashley, Rosemary Dunleavy, Renee Estopinal, Anne Goldstein, Johnna Kirkland, Deborah Polish, Gail Kachadurian, Colleen Neary, Susan Pilarre, Giselle Roberge, Polly Shelton, Marjorie Spohn, Lynne Stetson, Marilee Stiles, Stephen Caras, Victor Castelli, Hermes Condé, Richard Dryden, William Johnson, Bryan Pitts, David Richardson, Francis Sackett, Nolan T’Sani

Performances

The Goldberg Variations premiered on May 27, 1971, at the New York State Theater.[1]: 400  Gordon Boelzner played the piano at the premiere.[5]

Apart from the New York City Ballet, Paris Opera Ballet also performed the ballet.[6]

Critical reception

New York Times's Clive Barnes praised the ballet, calling it "a work of such amplitude and grandeur that it make you fall in love with the human body all over again.[5] In Ballet Review, Arlene Croce criticised the ballet, "The trouble with Goldberg is that it doesn't exist as a ballet. When Robbins wrestled every last musical repeat to the mat, we don't come away with a theatrical experience but with an impression of endless ingenious musical visualizations.[1]: 401 

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Lawrence, Greg (May 7, 2001). Dance with Demons: The Life Jerome Robbins. ISBN 9781101204061.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Jowitt, Deborah (2004). Jerome Robbins: His Life, His Theater, His Dance. pp. 192–195. ISBN 9780684869858.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Reynolds, Nancy (1977). Repertory in Review: 40 Years of the New York City Ballet. pp. 275–280. ISBN 9780803773684.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Vaill, Amanda (May 6, 2008). Somewhere: The Life of Jerome Robbins. pp. 415–423. ISBN 9780767929295.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Barnes, Clive (May 29, 1971). "Dance: Robbins's Genius". New York Times.
  6. ↑ Jennings, Luke (February 14, 2016). "Bel/Millepied/Robbins review – parting shots". The Guardian.
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