The Beautiful and Damned
Cover of Fitzgerald's 1922 novel, The Beautiful and Damned, by illustrator W. E. Hill. The cover appears to be a pencil sketch and depicts a young couple who resemble F. Scott Fitzgerald and his wife Zelda. The couple is reclining on a divan in the foreground with a large golden circle in the background. The young man is in a dark suit with a bow-tie and white shirt. His arms are folded as if unhappy. The young woman is bra-less and has her legs crossed. Her hair is bobbed and she is wearing high heels.
The cover of the first edition
AuthorF. Scott Fitzgerald
Cover artistWilliam E. Hill
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
GenreTragedy
PublishedMarch 4, 1922[lower-alpha 1]
PublisherCharles Scribner's Sons
Media typePrint (hardcover & paperback)
Preceded byThis Side of Paradise (1920) 
Followed byThe Great Gatsby (1925) 
TextThe Beautiful and Damned at Wikisource

The Beautiful and Damned is a 1922 novel by American writer F. Scott Fitzgerald.[1] Set in New York City, the novel's plot follows a young artist Anthony Patch and his flapper wife Gloria Gilbert who become "wrecked on the shoals of dissipation" while excessively partying at the dawn of the hedonistic Jazz Age.[2][3] As Fitzgerald's second novel, the work focuses upon the swinish behavior and glittering excesses of the American social elite in the heyday of New York's café society.[4]

Fitzgerald modeled the characters of Anthony Patch on himself and Gloria Gilbert on his newlywed spouse Zelda Fitzgerald.[5] The novel draws circumstantially upon the early years of Fitzgeralds' tempestuous marriage following the unexpected success of the author's first novel This Side of Paradise.[6] At the time of their wedding in 1920, Fitzgerald claimed neither he nor Zelda loved each other,[7][8] and the early years of their marriage in New York City were more akin to a friendship.[9][10]

Having reflected upon the criticisms of his debut novel This Side of Paradise, Fitzgerald sought to improve upon the form and construction of his prose in The Beautiful and Damned and to venture into a new genre of fiction altogether.[11] Consequently, he revised his second novel based on editorial suggestions from his friend Edmund Wilson and his editor Max Perkins.[12] When reviewing the manuscript, Perkins commended the conspicuous evolution of Fitzgerald's literary craftsmanship.[13]

Metropolitan Magazine serialized the manuscript in late 1921, and Charles Scribner's Sons published the book in March 1922. Scribner's prepared an initial print run of 20,000 copies. It sold well enough to warrant additional print runs reaching 50,000 copies.[14] Despite the considerable sales, many critics typically consider the work to be among Fitzgerald's weaker novels.[15] During the final decade of his life, Fitzgerald remarked upon the novel's lack of quality in a letter to his wife: "I wish The Beautiful and Damned had been a maturely written book because it was all true. We ruined ourselves—I have never honestly thought that we ruined each other."[16]

Plot summary

F. Scott Fitzgerald
Zelda Sayre Fitzgerald
Author F. Scott Fitzgerald (left) and his wife Zelda Sayre (right) circa 1919–1920. The plot of the novel drew upon many circumstantial events from the early years of the Fitzgeralds' marriage.[17]

In 1913, Anthony Patch is a twenty-five year old Harvard University alumnus recently having returned from Rome and now residing in New York City.[18] He is the presumptive heir to his dying grandfather's vast fortune. Through his friend Richard "Dick" Caramel, Anthony meets Gloria Gilbert, a beautiful flapper and "jazz baby" who is Dick's cousin.[3] Anthony begins courting her. The couple fall madly in love, with Gloria ecstatically exclaiming: "Mother says that two souls are sometimes created together—and in love before they're born."[19] After a whirlwind courtship, Anthony and Gloria decide to marry.

For the first three years of their married life together, Anthony and Gloria vow to adhere to "the magnificent attitude of not giving a damn... for what they chose to do and what consequences it brought. Not to be sorry, not to lose one cry of regret, to live according to a clear code of honor toward each other, and to seek the moment's happiness as fervently and persistently as possible."[20] Gloria and Anthony's marital bliss soon evaporates, especially when they are each pitted against the other's selfish attitudes. Once the couple's infatuation with each other fades, they begin to see their differences do more harm than good, as well as leaving each other with unfulfilled hopes. Over time, the disappointed couple become hedonistic and cynical libertines.

When Anthony's grandfather learns of Anthony's dissipation, he disinherits him. During World War I, Anthony briefly serves in the American Expeditionary Forces while Gloria remains home alone until his return. While in army training, Anthony has an extramarital liaison with Dot Raycroft, a lower-class Southern woman.[21] After the Allied Powers sign an armistice with Imperial Germany in November 1918, Anthony returns to New York City and reunites with Gloria. When the struggle over the grandfather's inheritance finally concludes, Anthony wins his inheritance. However, he has now become a hopeless alcoholic, and his wife has lost her beauty. The couple are now wealthy but morally and physically ruined.

At the end, Anthony Patch—echoing his grandfather—describes his inherited wealth as a consequence of his character rather than mere circumstance: "Only a few months before people had been urging him to give in, to submit to mediocrity... But he had known that he was justified in his way of life—and he had stuck it out staunchly... 'I showed them... It was a hard fight, but I didn't give up and I came through!"[22]

Major characters

F. Scott Fitzgerald and his wife Zelda Sayre at the Beach in 1922.
  • Anthony Patch – a Harvard alumnus and incorrigible loafer who is an heir to his grandfather's large fortune.[21] He is unambitious, and therefore unmotivated to work even as he pursues various careers.[21] He is enthralled by Gloria Gilbert's beauty and falls in love with her immediately. He is drafted into the United States Army, but the war ends before he is sent overseas.[21] Throughout the novel he compensates for a lack of vocation with parties and ingravescent alcoholism. His expectations of future wealth make him powerless to act in the present, leaving him with empty relationships in the end.
  • Gloria Gilbert – a beautiful flapper and "jazz baby" from Kansas City whom Anthony marries.[3][21] She contributes to his decline through her extravagant spending.[23][21] Self-absorbed, her personality revolves around her beauty and a belief that this quality makes her more important than everyone else. The character was loosely based on Fitzgerald's wife Zelda.[24] Fitzgerald wrote a letter to his daughter Scottie delineating the differences between Gloria and Zelda: "Gloria was a much more trivial and vulgar person than your mother. I can't really say there was any resemblance except in the beauty and certain terms of expression she used, and also I naturally used many circumstantial events of our early married life. However the emphases were entirely different. We had a much better time than Anthony and Gloria had".[17]
  • Richard "Dick" Caramel – an aspiring author who is one of Anthony's best friends and also Gloria's cousin.[25] He is the one who brings Anthony and Gloria together.[25] During the course of the book he publishes his novel The Demon Lover and basks in his notoriety for a good amount of time after publication.
  • Joseph Bloeckman – a Jewish film producer who is in love with Gloria and hopes she will leave Anthony for him.[26] Gloria and Bloeckman had a budding relationship when Gloria met Anthony. He continues to be friends with Gloria, giving Anthony some suspicion of an extramarital affair.
  • Dorothy "Dot" Raycroft – a lower-class Southern woman with whom Anthony has an affair during his army training.[27] She is a lost soul looking for someone to share her life with. She falls in love with Anthony despite learning that he is married, causes problems between Gloria and Anthony, and spurs Anthony's decline in mental health.

Writing and production

A sketch by Zelda Fitzgerald in which she envisioned the dust-jacket for her husband's novel.[28] Ultimately, the publisher would use an illustration by W. E. Hill for the dust-jacket.

Following the success of his debut novel This Side of Paradise in March 1920, F. Scott Fitzgerald became a household name.[29] His new fame enabled him to earn much higher rates for his short stories,[30] and his increased financial prospects persuaded his fiancée Zelda Sayre to marry him as Fitzgerald could now pay for her accustomed lifestyle.[lower-alpha 2][34] Although they were re-engaged, Fitzgerald's feelings for Zelda were at an all-time low, and he remarked to a friend, "I wouldn't care if she died, but I couldn't stand to have anybody else marry her."[35] Despite mutual reservations,[7][9] they married in a simple ceremony on April 3, 1920, at St. Patrick's Cathedral, New York.[36] At the time of their wedding, Fitzgerald claimed neither he nor Zelda still loved each other,[7][8] and the early years of their stormy marriage in New York City were more akin to a friendship.[9][10]

Living in luxury at the Biltmore Hotel in New York City,[37] the newlywed couple became national celebrities, as much for their wild behavior as for the success of Fitzgerald's novel. At the Biltmore, Scott did handstands in the lobby,[38] while Zelda slid down the hotel banisters.[39] After several weeks, the hotel asked them to leave for disturbing other guests.[38] The couple relocated two blocks to the Commodore Hotel on 42nd Street where they spent half-an-hour spinning in the revolving door.[40] Fitzgerald likened their juvenile behavior in New York City to two "small children in a great bright unexplored barn."[41] Writer Dorothy Parker first encountered the couple riding on the roof of a taxi.[42] "They did both look as though they had just stepped out of the sun", Parker recalled, "their youth was striking. Everyone wanted to meet him."[42]

Fitzgerald's ephemeral happiness mirrored the societal giddiness of the Jazz Age, a term which he popularized in his essays and stories.[43] He described the era as racing "along under its own power, served by great filling stations full of money."[44] In Fitzgerald's eyes, the era represented a morally permissive time when Americans became disillusioned with prevailing social norms and obsessed with self-gratification.[45] During this hedonistic era, alcohol increasingly fueled the Fitzgeralds' social life,[46] and the couple consumed gin-and-fruit concoctions at every outing.[38] Publicly, their alcohol intake meant little more than napping at parties, but privately it led to bitter quarrels.[46] As their quarrels worsened, the couple accused each other of marital infidelities.[47] They remarked to friends that their marriage would not last much longer.[48]

In August 1920 while in Westport, Connecticut, Fitzgerald began work on his second novel.[49] The novel had several working titles such as The Beautiful Lady Without Mercy and The Flight of the Rocket.[50] On August 12, Fitzgerald described the plot of the novel to Charles Scribner as focusing upon the life of an artist who lacks creative inspiration and who, after marrying a beautiful woman, is "wrecked on the shoals of dissipation".[49] The writing of the novel was interrupted as his wife Zelda wished to return to the Deep South since "she missed peaches and biscuits for breakfast."[49] After an excursion to Montgomery, Alabama, the couple returned to Westport where Fitzgerald resumed work on his novel.[49] While Fitzgerald worked on his second novel, his wife Zelda realized she was pregnant in February 1921,[51] and the couple began planning a trip overseas to Europe.[51]

A black and white portrait of F. Scott Fitzgerald and Zelda Sayre. Both are partially reclined with Zelda leaning against Fitzgerald. His right hand is clasping her left hand.
Portrait of Scott and Zelda by Alfred Cheney Johnston, 1923

Throughout the winter and spring of 1921–22, Fitzgerald wrote and rewrote various drafts of The Beautiful and Damned.[52] Fitzgerald modeled the spoiled characters of Anthony Patch on himself and Gloria Patch on—in his words—the chill-minded selfishness of his wife.[5] The novel draws circumstantially upon the early years of Fitzgeralds' tempestuous marriage following the meteoric success of the author's first novel This Side of Paradise.[6] Fitzgerald divided the work in pre-publication into three major parts: "The Pleasant Absurdity of Things", "The Romantic Bitterness of Things", and "The Ironic Tragedy of Things".[53] In the final book form, however, the novel consists of untitled "books" of three chapters each.[54]

Having digested criticisms of his debut novel This Side of Paradise, Fitzgerald sought to improve upon the form and construction of his prose and to venture into a new genre of fiction altogether.[11] Consequently, he revised The Beautiful and Damned based on editorial suggestions from his friend Edmund Wilson and his editor Max Perkins.[12] When reviewing the manuscript, Perkins commended the conspicuous evolution of Fitzgerald's literary craftsmanship.[13] Fitzgerald dedicated the novel to the Irish writer Shane Leslie, George Jean Nathan, and Maxwell Perkins "in appreciation of much literary help and encouragement".[55]

While finalizing the novel, Fitzgerald traveled with his wife to Europe,[51] and his agent Harold Ober sold the serialization rights for The Beautiful and Damned to Metropolitan Magazine for $7,000.[56] The chapters were serialized by Metropolitan from September 1921 to March 1922.[57] Shortly before the novel's publication in book form by Charles Scribner's Sons, Zelda Fitzgerald made a sketch in which she envisioned the dust-jacket for her husband's novel.[28] Her sketch depicted a naked flapper sitting in a cocktail glass.[28] Ultimately, the publisher would use an illustration by William E. Hill for the dust-jacket.[58] On March 4, 1922, the book was published by Scribner's.[lower-alpha 1][59] The publisher prepared an initial print run of approximately 20,000 copies,[60] and The Beautiful and Damned sold well enough to warrant additional print runs reaching 50,000 copies.[14]

Critical reception

There is a profounder truth in The Beautiful and Damned than the author perhaps intended to convey: the hero and heroine are strange creatures without purpose or method, who give themselves up to wild debaucheries and do not, from beginning to end perform a single serious act; but you somehow get the impression that, in spite of their madness, they are the most rational people in the book.... The inference is that, in such a civilization, the sanest and most creditable thing is to forget organized society and live for the jazz of the moment.

—Edmund Wilson, Literary Spotlight, 1924[61]

With his second work, The Beautiful and Damned, Fitzgerald discarded the trappings of collegiate bildungsromans as epitomized in his preceding novel This Side of Paradise and crafted an "ironical-pessimistic" [sic] novel in the style of Thomas Hardy's oeuvre.[62] The relentless pessimism of the novel would become a point of contention with many critics.[63] Louise Field of The New York Times found the novel showed Fitzgerald to be talented but too pessimistic.[63] Likewise, critic Fanny Butcher lamented that Fitzgerald had traded the bubbly giddiness of This Side of Paradise for a sequel which plumbed "the bitter dregs of reality."[64]

With the publication of this sophomore effort, critics promptly noticed an evolution in the artistry and quality of Fitzgerald's prose.[65] Whereas This Side of Paradise had been universally castigated by critics for its chaotic prose, The Beautiful and Damned displayed greater form and construction as well as an awakened literary consciousness.[65] Paul Rosenfeld commented that certain passages easily rivaled D. H. Lawrence in their artistry.[66] Remarking upon Fitzgerald's improved craftsmanship, literary critic H. L. Mencken wrote in his The Smart Set review: "There are a hundred signs in it of serious purpose and unquestionable skill. Even in its defects there is proof of hard striving. Fitzgerald ceases to be a wunderkind, and begins to come into his maturity".[58]

Despite this significant improvement in form and construction over This Side of Paradise, critics deemed The Beautiful and Damned to be far less ground-breaking than his debut work.[67] Whereas critics felt that This Side of Paradise had pulsed with originality,[68] they were less ecstatic over The Beautiful and Damned.[69] Fanny Butcher feared that "Fitzgerald had a brilliant future ahead of him in 1920" but, "unless he does something better... it will be behind him in 1923."[69]

Other reviewers such as John V. A. Weaver recognized that the vast improvement in literary form and construction between his first and second novels augured great prospects for Fitzgerald's future.[70] Weaver predicted that, as Fitzgerald matured into a better writer, he would become regarded as one of the greatest authors of American literature.[70] Consequently, expectations arose that Fitzgerald would significantly improve with his third work, The Great Gatsby.[71]

Over a century later, many literary critics typically consider The Beautiful and Damned to be among Fitzgerald's weaker novels.[15] During the final decade of his life, Fitzgerald remarked upon the novel's lack of quality in a letter to his wife: "I wish The Beautiful and Damned had been a maturely written book because it was all true. We ruined ourselves—I have never honestly thought that we ruined each other."[16]

Critical analysis

Critics have analyzed The Beautiful and Damned as a morality tale, a meditation on love, money and decadence, and a social documentary. Such analyses often focus upon the characters' disproportionate absorption on their past—a fixation which tends to consume them in the present. The theme of absorption in the past also continues through much of Fitzgerald's later works, perhaps best summarized in the final line of his 1925 novel The Great Gatsby: "So we beat on, boats against the current, borne back ceaselessly into the past", which is inscribed on Fitzgerald's tombstone shared with Zelda in Maryland.[72]

According to Fitzgerald scholar James L. W. West III, The Beautiful and Damned is concerned with the question of 'vocation': 'What does one do with oneself when one has nothing to do?'[73] According to West, "Fitzgerald applied the question of vocation largely to his male characters, but he saw that women too needed meaningful roles in life."[74] Fitzgerald presents Gloria as a woman whose vocation is nothing more than to catch a husband. After her marriage to Anthony, Gloria's sole vocation is to slide into indulgence and indolence, while her husband's sole vocation is to wait for his inheritance, during which time he slides into depression and alcoholism.[75]

Authorship debate

Caricature of Burton Rascoe

In April 1922, one month after the book's publication, Zelda Fitzgerald was asked by Scott's friend, humorist Burton Rascoe, to review the book for The New-York Tribune as a publicity stunt.[76] Rascoe asked Zelda to pretend to review it and to insert deliberately "a rub here and there" in order to "cause a great deal of comment."[76] Per Rascoe's instructions, Zelda titled her review "Friend Husband's Latest" and wrote "partly [as] a joke" that Fitzgerald had purloined a page of her diary:[58][77]

"It also seems to me that on one page I recognized a portion of an old diary of mine which mysteriously disappeared shortly after my marriage, and also scraps of letters, which, though considerably edited, sound to me vaguely familiar. Mr. Fitzgerald—I believe that is how he spells his name—seems to believe that plagiarism begins at home."[78]

As a consequence of this statement written in a satirical review by Zelda,[79][76] various individuals such as Penelope Green have speculated that Zelda was perhaps a co-author of the novel,[80] but most Fitzgerald scholars such as Matthew J. Bruccoli stated there is no evidence whatsoever to support this claim.[81] Bruccoli states:

"Zelda does not say she collaborated on The Beautiful and Damned: only that Fitzgerald incorporated a portion of her diary 'on one page' and that he revised 'scraps' of her letters. None of Fitzgerald's surviving manuscripts shows her hand".[14]

Adaptations

Lobby card for the 1922 film adaptation, now a lost film.

A film adaptation in 1922, directed by William A. Seiter, starred Kenneth Harlan as Anthony Patch and Marie Prevost as Gloria.[82] The film did well at the box office, and the critical reception was generally favorable. However, F. Scott Fitzgerald disliked the film, and he later wrote to a friend: "It's by far the worst movie I've ever seen in my life-cheap, vulgar, ill-constructed and shoddy. We were utterly ashamed of it."[83]

Translations

Due to the novel's popular success, there were French and German translations of the work.[84] A full Russian translation of The Beautiful and Damned by Pavel Shchennikov is also available.[85]

References

Notes

  1. 1 2 Mizener 1951, p. 138, states the novel was published March 3rd, whereas Bruccoli 1981, p. 163, and Tate 1998, p. 14, state the novel was published March 4th.
  2. ↑ During her youth, Zelda Sayre's wealthy Southern family employed domestic servants, many of whom were African-American.[31] She was unaccustomed to domestic labor or responsibilities of any kind.[32][33]

Citations

  1. ↑ Turnbull 1962, p. 116; Mizener 1951, p. 138.
  2. ↑ Bruccoli 1981, p. 145: Fitzgerald explained the novel's plot to Charles Scribner as centering upon "an artist... with no actual creative inspiration." Over time, "he and his beautiful young wife are wrecked on the shoals of dissipation".
  3. 1 2 3 West 2002, p. 49: "Gloria, we learn, is to be born on earth where she will be known as a 'ragtime kid,' a 'flapper', a 'jazz-baby', and a 'baby vamp'."
  4. ↑ Mizener 1951, pp. 138–143; Milford 1970, pp. 86–89.
  5. 1 2 Fitzgerald 1966, pp. 355–356.
  6. 1 2 Tate 1998, pp. 189–190; Milford 1970, p. 88.
  7. 1 2 3 Bruccoli 1981, p. 482: Fitzgerald wrote in 1939, "You [Zelda] submitted at the moment of our marriage when your passion for me was at as low ebb as mine for you. ... I never wanted the Zelda I married. I didn't love you again till after you became pregnant."
  8. 1 2 Turnbull 1962, p. 102: "Victory was sweet, though not as sweet as it would have been six months earlier before Zelda had rejected him. Fitzgerald couldn't recapture the thrill of their first love".
  9. 1 2 3 Bruccoli 1981, p. 441: In July 1938, Fitzgerald wrote to his daughter that, "I decided to marry your mother after all, even though I knew she was spoiled and meant no good to me. I was sorry immediately I had married her but, being patient in those days, made the best of it".
  10. 1 2 Bruccoli 1981, p. 133: Describing his marriage to Zelda, Fitzgerald said that—aside from "long conversations" late at night—their relations lacked "a closeness" which they never "achieved in the workaday world of marriage."
  11. 1 2 Wilson 1952, p. 32.
  12. 1 2 Elias 1990, p. 254; Mizener 1951, p. 132.
  13. 1 2 Berg 1978, p. 57; Stagg 1925, p. 9; Fitzgerald 1945, p. 321.
  14. 1 2 3 Bruccoli 1981, p. 166.
  15. 1 2 Elias 1990, p. 266; Mizener 1951, pp. 138–143; Bruccoli 1981, pp. 155–156.
  16. 1 2 Bruccoli 1981, p. 155.
  17. 1 2 Tate 1998, pp. 189–190.
  18. ↑ Tate 1998, p. 13.
  19. ↑ Fitzgerald 1922, p. 131.
  20. ↑ Fitzgerald 1922, p. 226.
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Tate 1998, p. 189.
  22. ↑ Fitzgerald 1922, p. 449.
  23. ↑ Bruccoli 1981, p. 133: "Another pleasure for Zelda was spending her husband's money, at which she became adept with his encouragement."
  24. ↑ Milford 1970, p. 88.
  25. 1 2 Tate 1998, p. 34.
  26. ↑ Tate 1998, p. 23.
  27. ↑ Tate 1998, p. 207.
  28. 1 2 3 Bruccoli, Smith & Kerr 2003, p. 99.
  29. ↑ Buller 2005, p. 9.
  30. ↑ Fitzgerald 1945, p. 89: "My story price had gone from $30 to $1,000. That's a small price to what was paid later in the Boom, but what it sounded like to me couldn't be exaggerated."
  31. ↑ Wagner-Martin 2004, p. 24.
  32. ↑ Wagner-Martin 2004, p. 24; Bruccoli 1981, pp. 194, 441.
  33. ↑ Turnbull 1962, p. 111: "Zelda was no housekeeper. Sketchy about ordering meals, she completely ignored the laundry".
  34. ↑ Bruccoli 1981, pp. 114, 131–132; Tate 1998, p. 82.
  35. ↑ Bruccoli 1981, p. 101.
  36. ↑ Turnbull 1962, p. 105; Bruccoli 1981, p. 131.
  37. ↑ Bruccoli 1981, p. 131.
  38. 1 2 3 Turnbull 1962, p. 110.
  39. ↑ Turnbull 1962, p. 105.
  40. ↑ Bruccoli 1981, p. 137.
  41. ↑ Turnbull 1962, p. 115.
  42. 1 2 Milford 1970, p. 67.
  43. ↑ Turnbull 1962, p. 224; Mizener 1951, p. 110.
  44. ↑ Fitzgerald 1945, p. 18: "In any case, the Jazz Age now raced along under its own power, served by great filling stations full of money."
  45. ↑ Fitzgerald 1945, p. 15: "[The Jazz Age represented] a whole race going hedonistic, deciding on pleasure."
  46. 1 2 Bruccoli 1981, pp. 135–136.
  47. ↑ Bruccoli 1981, p. 482: Fitzgerald wrote in a letter, "You—thinking I slept with that Bankhead--making all your drunks innocent and mine calculated till even Town Topics protested."
  48. ↑ Turnbull 1962, p. 112.
  49. 1 2 3 4 Bruccoli 1981, p. 145.
  50. ↑ Bruccoli 1981, p. 145; Tate 1998, p. 13.
  51. 1 2 3 Bruccoli 1981, p. 149.
  52. ↑ Milford 1970, pp. 86–89.
  53. ↑ Elias 1990, p. 247.
  54. ↑ Fitzgerald 1922, p. v.
  55. ↑ Fitzgerald 1922, p. iv.
  56. ↑ Bruccoli 1981, p. 150.
  57. ↑ Tate 1998; Bruccoli 1981.
  58. 1 2 3 Tate 1998, p. 14.
  59. ↑ Bruccoli 1981, p. 163; Tate 1998, p. 14.
  60. ↑ Bruccoli 1981, p. 163.
  61. ↑ Kazin 1951, p. 83; Wilson 1952, p. 34.
  62. ↑ Wilson 1952, pp. 32–33.
  63. 1 2 Field 1922.
  64. ↑ Butcher 1922, p. 109.
  65. 1 2 Stagg 1925, p. 9; Fitzgerald 1945, p. 321.
  66. ↑ Fitzgerald 1945, p. 322.
  67. ↑ Stagg 1925, p. 9; Hammond 1922.
  68. ↑ Coghlan 1925.
  69. 1 2 Butcher 1923, p. 7.
  70. 1 2 Weaver 1922.
  71. ↑ Mencken 1925.
  72. ↑ Bruccoli 1981, p. 218.
  73. ↑ West 2002, p. 48.
  74. ↑ West 2002, p. 51.
  75. ↑ West 2002, pp. 48–51.
  76. 1 2 3 Milford 1970, p. 89.
  77. ↑ Bruccoli 1981, p. 165.
  78. ↑ Milford 1970, p. 89; Perrill 1922, p. 15.
  79. ↑ Tate 1998, p. 14: "The review was partly a joke".
  80. ↑ Green 2013.
  81. ↑ Bruccoli 1981, p. 166: "Zelda was never his collaborator".
  82. ↑ The New York Times 1922.
  83. ↑ Tate 2007, p. 32; Ankerich 2010, p. 287.
  84. ↑ Winters 2004, pp. 71–89.
  85. ↑ Shchennikov 2022.

Works cited

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