Standard 4:3 FuBK pattern showing anti-PAL lines near the bottom right.

The Telefunken FuBK[1] (from the German Funkbetriebskommission for "Television Service Commission") is an electronic analogue television test card developed by AEG-Telefunken and Bosch Fernseh in West Germany as the successor to the monochrome T05 test card in the late-1960s[2] and used with analogue 625-lines PAL broadcasts.

Not as popular as the Philips PM5544, nevertheless it saw widespread use in West Germany (and later reunified Germany) and some other European, Asian, South American and African countries, and by a few commercial TV stations in Australia.[3][4]

Physical equipment

The test card was generated electronically by several video-signal generators,[5][6] including two variations of the Philips PM5644 generator (PM5644G/50 {PAL B/G} and PM5644G/70 {YCbCr}[7]) and the Rohde & Schwarz SGPF-B3[8] (the Grundig VG 1001 test signal generator has a different pattern design, but is sometimes indicated as "FuBk" because it features similar test elements[9]). It has also been used in conjunction with digital broadcasts[10] by means of the PT5300 from ProTeleVision/DK Technologies.[11]

Test card features

Some elements present on the FuBK test card are:[4]

  • Cross hatch - makes up the background of the table, with 19x15 white lines over a dark gray (25% luminance) background, allowing adjustment of CRT convergence and focus;
  • Circle - provide a way to correct vertical and horizontal raster scan geometrical distortions;
  • Colour bars - EBU colour bars at 75% luminance (75/0/75/0) to adjust colour saturation and purity
  • Grey staircase - five bars (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%) that allow setting brightness, linearity and contrast control
  • 2T convergence cross - check for signal reflections and group delay, help with geometrical image centering
  • Multiburst- four grating with sine curves at 1, 2, 3 and 4.433 MHz, as a test of horizontal resolution
  • Black section- check for reflections, transient response and group delay
  • ±V/ +U ramp - two lines that allow checking PAL decoder linearity with UV signals
  • +V/ ±U anti PAL - two achromatic fields to test the PAL decoder delay line

On PAL broadcasts, with a maximum displayable video bandwidth of around 5 MHz, individual lines should just be visible in all Multiburst gratings. On other situations, like a VHS recording with reduced bandwidth, they become more and more indistinct, merging into a grey area.

The two special achromatic fields should be display as grey if PAL decoding is functioning correctly. If not, colour will be seen on these areas.[4]

Variations

4:3

  • Another variation adds a second set of colour bars (replacing the ±V/ +U Ramp and +V/ ±U Anti PAL sections) and flips the middle downward triangle. This was used by IRIB in Iran.
  • Another modification, again omitting the circle but including a grid cross in the middle and slightly different resolution gratings, was known to be used on some TV transmitters in Belgium and the Netherlands.[26]
  • A monochrome variant, omitting the centre circle and replacing the colour bars with a black box showing the transmitter name and channel, as well as an on-screen line gauge replacing the ±V/ +U Ramp and +V/ ±U Anti PAL sections near the bottom, was used on some DBP-operated TV transmitters in West Germany in the 1970s.[27][28][29]

16:9

In the 1990s, a FuBK variant in the 16:9 aspect ratio format was developed for the PALplus and (HD-)MAC standards and was used by some channels such as ARD.[38][39] Crosshatch was changed to a 25x15 grid, and geometric markings for the central 4:3 safe area were included, with the other details being generally the same as on the original version. This pattern could be generated by the Grundig VG 1100 video generator, introduced around 1995[40][41] as well as the digital PT5300 from DK Technologies (with an optional hardware upgrade).[42]

Usage

This pattern was used by many broadcasters, including:

Cultural references

The Telefunken FuBK test card is featured in the 2016 Finnish indie video game My Summer Car, which the player's television sets in his house and in the in-game town's jail would show during the in-game overnight broadcast break. This was done to mimic the Finnish public broadcaster YLE's test card, which was used from the 1970s until the 2000s.[91]

See also

References

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  2. Operational Testing in Telecommunications: Transmission technology. Technicopy Limited. December 14, 1982. ISBN 9780905228174 via Google Books.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Non-UK Television Test Cards, Tuning Signals, Clocks and Idents". January 12, 2016. Archived from the original on 2016-01-12.
  4. 1 2 3 "Rohde & Schwarz - Signals produced by CCVS + Component Generator SAF and CCVS Generator SFF Standard BG/PAL and N/PAL" (PDF). scdn.rohde-schwarz.com.
  5. "tv pattern generators gv-798+, gv-898+ | Manualzz". manualzz.com.
  6. "PT5300 HD-SD VariTime Sync Generator" (PDF). dk-technologies.com.
  7. Millman, Matthew (2022). "A quick look at some pattern generators (PM5631/PM5644) – Matt's Tech Pages". Retrieved 2023-01-13.
  8. TV Generators SGPF, SGSF, SGMF (PDF). Germany: ROHDE&SCHWARZ GmbH & Co. KG.
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