Tanking in sports refers to the practice of intentionally fielding non-competitive teams to take advantage of league rules that benefit losing teams.[1] This is a much more common practice in American sports that utilize closed leagues than in open sports leagues in other nations, which typically penalize poor performers using a promotion and relegation system, in which the worst teams after each season are sent to a lower-tiered league and replaced with that league's best teams. Relegation costs teams revenue and makes it more difficult for them to attract top talent, making tanking unfeasible. Tanking teams are usually seeking higher picks in the next draft, since league rules generally give the highest draft picks to the previous season's worst teams. Teams that decide to start tanking often do so by trading away star players in order to reduce payroll and bring in younger prospects.[2] While the terms tanking and rebuilding are sometimes used interchangeably, there are differences between the two concepts.[3][4]

Tanking is differentiated from actions taken to achieve a pre-determined result in a specific contest, usually for the purposes of sports betting, thus violating the rules of the game, along with laws, which is more specifically deemed as match fixing.

Examples

One of the first teams to tank was the 1983–84 Houston Rockets, who considered the season lost after starting 20–26 and decided to give more playing time to their lesser talented players in an effort to finish with the worst record in the Western Conference, which would ensure that they would advance to a coin toss with whoever finished with the worst record in the Eastern Conference for the #1 overall pick in the 1984 draft; the Rockets went 9–27 the rest of the way and finished with a 29–53 record to take the worst record in the Western Conference. The top pick was expected to be Hakeem Olajuwon from The University of Houston, and the Rockets did manage to win the coin toss against the Portland Trail Blazers, who had acquired a first round selection from the Indiana Pacers that ended up as a guaranteed top two pick after the Pacers finished with what turned out to be the league's worst record at 26–56.[5] While Olajuwon later became regarded as one of the greatest basketball centers of all time, eventually winning two NBA championships as a member of the Rockets, their tactics played a significant role in the NBA’s decision to adopt a lottery system to determine the first overall pick starting in 1985.

In the 1983–84 NHL season, the Pittsburgh Penguins and New Jersey Devils admitted they wanted to lose in order to get the number one pick in the draft and select Mario Lemieux.[5] The Penguins finished with the worst record and drafted Lemieux; however, the NHL did not immediately institute a draft lottery as the NBA had and continued to have the team with the worst record pick first until 1995.

Tanking did not become prevalent until the 2010s, when teams in all four major American leagues (MLB, NFL, NBA, and NHL) were engaged in various forms of the practice.[2]

The Chicago Cubs and Houston Astros pioneered the practice in MLB in the 2010s, with the Astros taking tanking to a new level (they finished with the worst record in baseball by 6 games or more for 3 consecutive years). Both teams used their subsequent draft picks to select star players who led them to championships, as the Cubs won the 2016 World Series and the Astros won in 2017.[6] Other teams like the Miami Marlins, Baltimore Orioles, Kansas City Royals, and Detroit Tigers have sought to emulate the strategy by trading away their best players, with the twin goals of drafting and developing younger stars and cutting costs in order to become competitive again several years later.[7]

Sometimes my job is to understand the value of losing. I know that sounds crazy, but if you're an NBA general manager like me, the last place you want to be is in the middle. There are only two outcomes there: Either make the playoffs and be first-round fodder for one of the premier teams or miss the playoffs and pick somewhere around 11th to 14th in the draft. Either way, the odds are that you stay in that middle range. It's a recipe for disaster.

Anonymous, 2013[8]

In an interview for ESPN The Magazine before the 2013–14 season, an NBA general manager who chose to remain anonymous (though speculated to be either Rob Hennigan of the Orlando Magic or Ryan McDonough of the Phoenix Suns[9]) stated that because "the last place you want to be is in the middle", his team would try to tank that season to have the best chance at a top pick in the 2014 NBA draft, which was anticipated to be one of the deepest in recent league history. The GM explained how he got the team's owners and the coach to agree to this plan while trying to keep it a secret from the players.[8]

In 2014, the Australian Football League's Melbourne Football Club were fined $500,000 for their involvement in a 2009 tanking scandal.

One of the most notable examples of tanking in the modern era of professional sports is "The Process", a plan by Sam Hinkie, the GM of the NBA's Philadelphia 76ers, to rebuild the team by intentionally tanking in order to gain draft position. In the three seasons from 2013 to 2016, Philadelphia recorded a total of 47 wins, never surpassing 20 in any year. This included an NBA record 28 game losing streak between the end of the 2014–15 and 15–16 seasons.[10] This poor on-court performance led to a three-year struggle within the organization, which culminated in Hinkie leaving the organization in April 2016. However, as the team lost, they collected valuable assets in the form of draft picks.[11] In the five drafts from 2014 to 2018, the 76ers drafted six times in the top 10 and selected cornerstones Joel Embiid and Ben Simmons in two of those drafts.[12] From 2017 to 2023, Philadelphia won more than 40 games in every season and reached the playoffs each year. However, the team has struggled in the playoffs and not advanced past the Conference Semifinals.[13]

When Jon Gruden retook control of the Oakland Raiders prior to the 2018 NFL season he liquidated most of the Raiders' talent, most notably trading five-time Pro Bowler Khalil Mack to the Chicago Bears for two first round draft picks (one of which was used to select Josh Jacobs), leading to accusations that he was intentionally tanking the team in hopes of fielding a competitive team when the Raiders moved to Las Vegas in 2020.[14][15][16] The Raiders, who had finished 12–4 and qualified for the playoffs two seasons prior, finished the 2018 season with only four wins, but saw significant improvement in 2019 thanks to strong play from the team's rookies.

The Miami Dolphins were accused of tanking during the 2019 NFL season when new head coach Brian Flores oversaw a similar liquidation of the team's established talent.[17] In September, tackle Laremy Tunsil and safety Minkah Fitzpatrick were sent to contending football teams in exchange for future draft picks; both would subsequently be named to the Pro Bowl.[18] After starting the season 0–7, however, the 2019 Dolphins won 5 of their last 9 games. The victories denied Miami the first overall pick of the 2020 NFL Draft, although the team was able to select Alabama quarterback Tua Tagovailoa, whom they were rumored to have been deliberately losing games for.[19][20] The next season, the 2020 Dolphins went 10–6 and missed the playoffs by one game, while the trade of Tunsil allowed them to obtain the third overall pick of the 2021 NFL Draft.[21] Flores later alleged in a 2022 lawsuit that Dolphins owner Stephen M. Ross offered to pay him $100,000 for each game he lost.[22]

Philadelphia Eagles head coach Doug Pederson faced allegations of deliberately losing the final game of the 2020 NFL season after he replaced starting quarterback Jalen Hurts with backup Nate Sudfeld.[23] When Sudfeld relieved Hurts early in the fourth quarter, the Eagles were facing only a three-point deficit against the Washington Football Team, but Sudfeld committed two consecutive turnovers that helped Washington win 20–14.[24] As a result, the 4–11–1 Eagles moved up from ninth overall to sixth overall in the 2021 NFL Draft, while Washington clinched the NFC East, which would have been clinched by the New York Giants if Philadelphia won. Pederson denied the allegations, stating he intended to give Sudfeld the opportunity to play,[25][26] although he was fired a week after the game.[27]

The Oakland Athletics were accused of tanking when they traded away most of their talented players like Matt Olson, Matt Chapman, Chris Bassitt, and Sean Manaea prior to the 2022 MLB season. This came after a new collective bargaining agreement was agreed to in order to end the lockout that introduced the draft lottery to discourage tanking for top draft picks. However, this was financially motivated by team owner John J. Fisher as the Athletics fielded a team with the second-lowest opening day payroll in the majors at $48 million,[28] down from their payroll from last season at $83 million. Despite finishing the season last in attendance and the second-worst record in the majors at 60-102, the team turned in a profit of $62.2 million in 2022 due to the increased revenue sharing combined with the low payroll, which is fifth among all teams.[29] This method of tanking is illegal in the NFL, NBA, and NHL since those leagues have a salary floor that require teams to spend a minimum amount on player contracts to prevent owners from profiting by cutting payroll, but the MLB does not have a salary floor and critics argue that the league needs it to truly end tanking.[30]

The Dallas Mavericks were accused of tanking during the final few games of the 2023 NBA season.[31] The Mavericks entered the season with high aspirations, but following a slide by the team to 11th place in the Western Conference and out of the NBA play-in tournament, in their penultimate game of the season against the Chicago Bulls, the Mavericks rested star players Luka Dončić and Kyrie Irving along with many starters. The Mavericks lost the game, knocking them out of playoff contention. The Mavericks owed their draft pick to the New York Knicks, but it was top-10 protected — the loss made them more likely to keep it in the 2023 NBA draft. Head coach Jason Kidd admitted after the game that the decision to rest players was made by team owner Mark Cuban and general manager Nico Harrison.[32]

Encouragement by fans

As the NFL does not have a draft lottery, coverage of some NFL drafts has been dominated by the presence of a highly touted player who is widely expected to be among the first picked, portraying them as a "sweepstakes" prize for the league's worst team. The 2009 NFL Draft was nicknamed "The Matthew Stafford Sweepstakes" as Georgia quarterback Matthew Stafford was widely expected to be the first player drafted regardless of which team held the first overall pick. Stafford was indeed drafted first overall, by the Detroit Lions, who had gone winless during the previous season. This has led to public campaigns where fans of poor performing teams actively encourage losing in order to improve the team's draft position when such a player is expected to be in the next draft.

The first widely known example of such a campaign was "Suck for Luck" during the 2011 NFL season, in which fans of mediocre teams encouraged losing in hopes of drafting Stanford quarterback Andrew Luck, who was considered one of the NFL's best quarterback prospects.[33] The campaign was widely criticized by sports writers, who noted that it is not in the nature of professional athletes to intentionally lose games and that poor performance should bring punishment, not encouragement.[34][35] The campaign was denounced by Hall of Fame quarterback Dan Marino when fans of his former team, the Miami Dolphins, began participating in it[36] and Luck himself, who called it "stupid".[37] Nonetheless, a similar "Tank for Tua" campaign emerged in the 2019 NFL season, with fans of poor performing teams encouraging losing in hopes of drafting Alabama quarterback Tua Tagovailoa.[38] However, when Tagovailoa suffered a season ending hip injury that put his chances of declaring for the 2020 NFL Draft in question, the campaign turned to LSU quarterback Joe Burrow and Ohio State defensive end Chase Young, respectively becoming "Bungle for Burrow"[39] and "Choke for Chase".[40]

Since acquiring the first overall selection requires having the worst overall record, fans have responded negatively to teams lowering their draft position by winning games. After the Philadelphia Eagles lost their first 11 games in 1968, fans anticipated them obtaining USC running back O. J. Simpson first overall in the upcoming draft. However, the Eagles won two of their last three games, which resulted in the Buffalo Bills obtaining the first overall pick and drafting Simpson.[41] During the final game of the season, Eagles fans vented their frustrations with the team by booing and throwing snowballs at a fan dressed as Santa Claus.[42] A similar situation occurred during the 2020 NFL season when New York Jets fans were angered by the team winning their first game in Week 15. Jets fans believed the team would be able to select Clemson quarterback Trevor Lawrence first overall in the 2021 NFL Draft, but the victory gave the first overall selection to the Jacksonville Jaguars.[43][44] The Jaguars would ultimately clinch the first overall selection the following week, leading to them drafting Lawrence.

Similar draft coverage and reaction by fans has been seen in the National Hockey League. Normally, players selected in the NHL Entry Draft continue to play in minor leagues (often their team's affiliate in the developmental American Hockey League) before they reach the NHL, if they reach the NHL at all. Thus, when a draft contains an NHL-ready player who could make an immediate impact for their team, they are coveted. Examples of this include the 1984 NHL Entry Draft, with multiple teams seeking entry into the lottery for the chance to draft Mario Lemieux, or the 2005 NHL Entry Draft, which was nicknamed the "Sidney Crosby Sweepstakes" as it was believed the winner of that year's lottery would immediately draft Sidney Crosby.[45] The 2015 NHL Entry Draft contained two highly touted prospects, Connor McDavid and Jack Eichel, effectively guaranteeing the last-place team would land an elite player, thus fans of mediocre teams encouraged losing throughout the 2014–15 NHL season. This was most prominently seen among Buffalo Sabres fans, who actively cheered for the opposing team at home games while The Buffalo News regularly published the "McEichel Derby", which tracked the Sabres' ranking among the league's worst teams.[46] First Niagara Center infamously erupted in cheers when Sam Gagner of the Phoenix Coyotes scored an overtime-winning goal in a late season match, as the low-ranked Coyotes were seen as a major "threat" to Buffalo landing a top-two pick.[47][2] The Sabres finished the season with the worst overall record, securing the second-overall pick which they used to draft Eichel. The NHL revised their draft the following season in response, removing the second pick guarantee for the league's worst team and making all 14 teams who miss the playoffs eligible to win a top-three pick through the draft lottery.[48] Eichel's six years in Buffalo were marred by team underperformance and lack of chemistry (the team failed to make the playoffs in any season with Eichel), and he was traded in late 2021 to the Vegas Golden Knights.[49][50] Similarly, multiple fanbases encouraged their teams to tank during the 2022-23 NHL season in the hopes that they would be the ones to draft Connor Bedard, who was considered the greatest prospect in hockey since Sidney Crosby. The phrase "Tank Hard for Bedard" came into common usage among fans of teams with miserable records such as the Columbus Blue Jackets and the Chicago Blackhawks, the latter of whom ended up selecting Bedard first overall.

Fans of the Philadelphia 76ers adopted the mantra "Trust the Process" when the team was tanking from 2013 to 2016.[51]

Analytics of tanking

The term 'inverse analytics' was first introduced in 2018. The 2018 NBA draft featured several highly sought-after prospects, including eventual top picks Deandre Ayton, Marvin Bagley III, Luka Dončić, and Trae Young. In order to contend for the rights to these players, NBA teams allegedly began intentionally losing to the point that an NBA executive reportedly told ESPN that "inverse analytics" were being used. The evidence of this comes from the Dallas Mavericks, who used many questionable lineups toward the end of the year.[52] For example, with less than five minutes to go and down by one point against the Lakers, the Mavericks used a lineup that had played together for a total of 12 minutes during the first three and a half months of the season.[53] Mavericks owner Mark Cuban was fined $600,000 for openly commenting on the benefits of tanking.[54] Mark Cuban was fined $750,000 during the 2022-2023 NBA Season when the Mavericks sat out starters during a key game for a chance to qualify for the play-in tournament.[55]

Disadvantages

While tanking can be a successful strategy in eventually building a winning team, it alienates fans in the midst of the rebuilding process as fans are frustrated by losing teams.[56] During the Astros' rebuilding years of 2011–2013, when they lost an average of 108 games per season, the team's attendance was cut in half, and one game had a television rating of 0.0.[2] The Sabres have also seen dips in attendance since their rebuilding years in the 2010s and have also been described as a "toxic environment".[57][58]

Tanking can lead to strife with players' unions, as tanking teams choose rookies on inexpensive contracts over free agents wanting multimillion-dollar deals.[59]

Leagues also see tanking as a threat to their existing revenue streams. For example, the NBA sees this as a potentially major issue, since one of the largest drivers of revenue generation for professional leagues is gate receipts.[60] Tanking has been shown to drastically reduce attendance and thus hurt the NBA's bottom line.[52]

Response

The NBA, NHL, and MLB have responded to the phenomenon in recent years by changing their draft from reverse-order to a lottery formula which is only loosely tied to the previous season's standings,[2] though this has not stopped the practice entirely. Some observers have called for leagues to adopt a European-style promotion and relegation system, where the worst teams are demoted to a minor league, to make tanking less attractive.[61][62][63] The NBA has fined executives and owners for referencing the merits of losing.[54]

In response to concerns about tanking, the NBA changed the way teams are allocated draft picks. In 2018, the league leveled the draft lottery odds, giving the worst team a lower chance of getting the number one overall pick.[64] In theory, this change serves to dissuade teams from intentionally losing.

References

  1. ↑ Obi, Samuel (April 1, 2020). "Tanking: The NBA's Pressing Issue". Samford University. Retrieved 2020-11-14.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Sheinin, Dave (March 2, 2018). "No longer sports' dirty little secret, tanking is on full display and impossible to contain". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2020-11-14.
  3. ↑ Ziller, Tom (3 July 2013). "Rebuilding is not tanking". SB Nation. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
  4. ↑ Snyder, Matt (9 June 2016). "Sniffing out the difference between rebuilding and tanking among MLB teams". CBSSports.com. Archived from the original on 11 June 2016. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
  5. 1 2 Vaccaro, Mike (February 6, 2019). "Tanking in professional sports is not a new phenomenon". New York Post.
  6. ↑ Joyce, Greg (February 6, 2019). "How pro sports teams get to the top by racing to the bottom". New York Post.
  7. ↑ Encina, Eduardo A. (June 15, 2018). "Series against Marlins pits major league-worst Orioles vs. team that was accused of trying to tank". Baltimore Sun.
  8. 1 2 Goodman, Jeff (October 29, 2013). "The art of the tank". ESPN The Magazine. Retrieved November 2, 2013. Our team isn't good enough to win and we know it. So this season we want to develop and evaluate our young players, let them learn from their mistakes — and get us in position to grab a great player. The best way for us to do that is to lose a lot of games. This draft is loaded. There are potential All-Stars at the top, maybe even franchise changers. Sometimes my job is to understand the value of losing.
  9. ↑ Dwyer, Kelly (October 29, 2013). "One NBA general manager admits to tanking the 2013-14 season … anonymously". Ball Don't Lie. Yahoo! Sports. Retrieved November 2, 2013.
  10. ↑ Hispanosnba.com. "Philadelphia 76ers NBA titles and team record". hispanosnba.com. Retrieved 2020-11-14.
  11. ↑ "2014 NBA Draft". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2020-11-14.
  12. ↑ "2016 NBA Draft". Basketball-Reference.com. Retrieved November 14, 2020.
  13. ↑ Arnovitz, Kevin (May 9, 2018). "The future is bright for the 76ers, but was The Process worth it?". ESPN. Retrieved November 14, 2020.
  14. ↑ Jones, Jonathan (October 18, 2018). "The soon-to-be Las Vegas Raiders can't admit to tanking". Sports Illustrated.
  15. ↑ Patra, Kevin (October 17, 2018). "Jon Gruden: Raiders 'aren't tanking' for top draft pick". NFL.com.
  16. ↑ Gutierrez, Paul (October 17, 2018). "Gruden on Raiders: 'We aren't tanking anything'". ESPN.
  17. ↑ Kezirian, Doug (September 18, 2019). "Dolphins' ineptitude a challenge for oddsmakers". ESPN. Retrieved 2020-11-14.
  18. ↑ "Miami Dolphins". www.miamidolphins.com. Retrieved 2020-11-14.
  19. ↑ Dill, Jason (14 October 2020). "This former NFL player thinks Dolphins' 'Tank for Tua' plan 'is a joke'". Miami Herald. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
  20. ↑ Miller, Matt (20 June 2019). "Tanking for Tua Tagovailoa Is a Bad Idea for NFL Teams". Bleacher Report. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
  21. ↑ Wilson, Aaron (3 January 2021). "Texans' loss gives Dolphins 3rd overall pick of 2021 NFL Draft". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 6 May 2021.
  22. ↑ "Flores sues NFL, teams, alleges racism in hiring". ESPN. 2022-02-01. Retrieved 2022-02-02.
  23. ↑ McLane, Jeff (4 January 2021). "Eagles players, coaches were shocked by Doug Pederson's QB switch, resulting in sideline confrontations". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Archived from the original on January 5, 2021. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
  24. ↑ Gordon, Grant. "'Sickening': Giants players voice displeasure with Eagles' decision to bench Hurts vs. Washington". NFL.com. National Football League. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
  25. ↑ Gartland, Dan (4 January 2021). "Doug Pederson Explains Benching Jalen Hurts for Nate Sudfeld: 'I Was Coaching to Win'". Sports Illustrated. Archived from the original on January 5, 2021. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
  26. ↑ McManus, Tim (4 January 2021). "Philadelphia Eagles' Doug Pederson says he was 'coaching to win' against Washington, wanted to get Nate Sudfeld some reps". ESPN. Archived from the original on January 9, 2021. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
  27. ↑ "Eagles fire head coach Doug Pederson after five seasons". NFL.com. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved 11 January 2021.
  28. ↑ "Study: Average salary up 5.9% over last year". 14 April 2022.
  29. ↑ "Oakland Athletics Made over $60 Million in 2023". 23 March 2023.
  30. ↑ "The new CBA was supposed to help fix tanking in MLB -- here's why it hasn't". 12 April 2022.
  31. ↑ Engel, Mac (2023-04-07). "Even with Kyrie and Luka, the Dallas Mavericks quit. There is only one reason". Yahoo Sports. Retrieved 2023-04-08.
  32. ↑ "Mavericks eliminated from playoff race after sitting players in must-win game". The Guardian. 2023-04-08. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2023-04-08.
  33. ↑ Politi, Steve (October 21, 2011). "'Suck for Luck' could be best hope for NFL's worst". CNN.
  34. ↑ Hodkowski, Ryne (December 28, 2011). "NFL: Why 'Suck for Luck' or Any Similar Campaign Is an Impossible Endeavor". Bleacher Report.
  35. ↑ Koebler, Hank (November 5, 2011). "Why 'Suck for Luck' Sucks". HuffPost.
  36. ↑ Hill, David (October 13, 2011). "Marino Says Dolphins Shouldn't Suck for Luck". NBC Miami.
  37. ↑ Rudnansky, Ryan (October 15, 2011). "Andrew Luck Not Amused by "Suck for Luck" Campaigns Around the NFL". Bleacher Report.
  38. ↑ Crabbs, Kyle (September 10, 2019). "So You Want To Tank For Tua? A History Of The #1 Overall Pick". The Draft Network.
  39. ↑ Papke, Grey (November 10, 2019). "Bag-wearing Bengals fan debuts 'Bungle for Burrow' catchphrase". Larry Brown Sports.
  40. ↑ Serby, Steve (December 20, 2019). "What Giants are saying about awkward Chase Young tank race". New York Post.
  41. ↑ "1968 Philadelphia Eagles Statistics & Players". Pro-Football-Reference.com.
  42. ↑ Mihoces, Gary (November 27, 2003). "Santa snowball incident shrouded in myth". USA Today. Retrieved October 5, 2009.
  43. ↑ McDonald, Charles (December 21, 2020). "The Jets won! And lost the first-overall pick in the process". USA Today.
  44. ↑ Curtis, Charles (December 21, 2020). "New York tabloids had a field day with Jets' first win (and possibly losing Trevor Lawrence)". USA Today.
  45. ↑ "2005 Year in Review". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. December 20, 2005. Archived from the original on December 27, 2008. Retrieved October 20, 2008.
  46. ↑ Harrington, Mike (March 22, 2015). "The McEichel Derby: It may be a two-team race as Oilers pull out OT win over Flyers while Sabres, Coyotes lose again". buffalonews.com. Retrieved March 17, 2018.
  47. ↑ "Sabres unhappy after fans cheer Gagner's winning goal in OT that gives Coyotes 4-3 win". NHL.com. March 26, 2015.
  48. ↑ "NHL Draft Order Rules", 2020/01/16
  49. ↑ "Jack Eichel Buffalo Sabres captaincy". TSN. 2021-09-23. Retrieved 2021-09-23.
  50. ↑ "Sabres trade Eichel to Golden Knights after long dispute". TSN. 2021-11-04. Retrieved 2021-11-04.
  51. ↑ Rappaport, Max (August 23, 2017). "The Definitive History of 'Trust the Process'". Bleacher Report. Retrieved November 10, 2020.
  52. 1 2 Dunson, DJ (February 26, 2018). "Are NBA teams utilizing 'inverse analytics' to aid tanking?". sports.yahoo.com. Retrieved 2020-11-14.
  53. ↑ MacMahon, Tim; Whindhorst, Brian (2018-02-26). "The Mavs are blatantly tanking -- and they're just one of many". ESPN. Retrieved 2020-11-14.
  54. 1 2 "Dallas Mavericks owner Mark Cuban fined $600K for public comments on tanking". www.nba.com. February 21, 2018. Retrieved 2020-11-14.
  55. ↑ "NBA fines Mavs $750K for having 'failed our fans'". 14 April 2023.
  56. ↑ Boswell, Thomas (July 26, 2019). "Tanking by MLB teams isn't a strategy. It's fan abuse". The Washington Post.
  57. ↑ Wyshynski, Greg (2020-02-06). "Why the Buffalo Sabres are the NHL's biggest disaster". ESPN. Retrieved 2020-07-22.
  58. ↑ Graham, Tim (2020-04-20). "As Pegulas face business challenges, employees describe a 'toxic culture' at PSE". The Athletic. Retrieved 2020-04-20.
  59. ↑ Brown, Maury (February 12, 2018). "Collusion, Tanking, Debt: Yes, Baseball Has A Dark Labor History, But 2018 Doesn't Feel Like 1985". Forbes.
  60. ↑ Reiff, Nathan (October 18, 2021). "How The NBA Makes Money: The Second-Largest Sport in the Country". Investopedia. Retrieved 2020-11-14.
  61. ↑ "Resolving NBA Tanking". November 14, 2021.
  62. ↑ "Should the NBA send the Lakers to the G League?". NBC Sports. January 12, 2018.
  63. ↑ Tayler, Jon (August 13, 2019). "MLB should threaten relegation to tanking teams". Sports Illustrated.
  64. ↑ "NBA Draft Lottery: Schedule, odds and how it works". NBA.com. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
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